Cooperation and compliance control in areas beyond national jurisdiction |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute for Environmental and Technology Law, University of Trier, Campus II, 54286 Trier, Germany;1. Institute for Sustainable Development and International relations (IDDRI), 27 rue Saint-Guillaume, 75337 Paris Cedex 07, France;2. Currently Commonwealth Secretariat, Previously Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS);3. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN);4. Globelaw;1. Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea (NILOS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands;2. Nippon Foundation Nereus Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;1. Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies e.V., Berliner Strasse 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany;2. Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI), 41 rue du Four, 75006 Paris, France;1. Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;2. School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, David Turpin Building, Room B250, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3R4;3. Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, 120 Oceanview Blvd, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA;4. Marine Conservation Institute, 4010 Stone Way N, Suite 210, Seattle, WA 98103, USA;5. Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA;6. CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;7. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;8. Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Berliner Str. 30, 14467 Potsdam, Germany;9. IUCN Global Marine and Polar Programme and World Commission on Protected Areas, 105 Irving Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;10. The Nature Conservancy, Conservation Science, West End, QLD 4101, Australia;11. Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John''s, NL, Canada A1B 3X9;12. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 212 EME (IRD/Ifremer/Univ. Montpellier II), Avenue Jean Monnet, 34203 Sète cedex, France |
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| Abstract: | Past decades have shown a constant increase in the number of international agreements regulating marine areas. Environmental changes as well as technological developments resulting in an increased use of oceans ensure the need for further governance in the future of high seas. At the same time, compliance by States with international obligations remains a considerable challenge in international law. In particular, regulations governing areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) are at risk of not being obeyed due to factual challenges posed to the control of high seas territories and the (legal) limits of the law of the sea. This article evaluates a stronger cooperation between States through the incorporation of compliance control systems in agreements regulating ABNJ in order to enhance compliance by States. For this purpose, provisions on compliance control measures which have already been established in two agreements regulating ABNJ, namely the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling and the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement, are analyzed. It is argued that the incorporation of compliance control elements into agreements regulating ABNJ is a promising avenue to secure improved compliance among States Parties and further implementation of this approach is recommended. |
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| Keywords: | Law of the sea Areas beyond national jurisdiction Compliance control State cooperation UNFSA ICRW |
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