Ecological restoration in the deep sea: Desiderata |
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| Institution: | 1. Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 135 Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA;2. Centre d′Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE/CNRS-UMR 5175), Montpellier, France;3. Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;4. Nautilus Minerals, 303 Coronation Drive, Milton, Queensland, Australia;5. Ifremer, Bd Jean Monnet, BP 171, 34203 Sète Cedex, France;6. Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve, Stanford University, Woodside, CA 94062, USA;7. Department of Economics and Finance, 1000E University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;8. National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK;9. Biohabitats, 2120 Noisette Blvd, Suite 106B, North Charleston, SC 29405, USA;10. Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 601321 Ancona, Italy;11. School of Biology, Ridley Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;12. School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;13. Centre of IMAR, Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas, Universidade dos Açores and LARSyS Associated Laboratory, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal;14. The Biodiversity Consultancy, EURC, 72 Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1RR, UK;15. Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK;p. Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, Building 233, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia |
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| Abstract: | An era of expanding deep-ocean industrialization is before us, with policy makers establishing governance frameworks for sustainable management of deep-sea resources while scientists learn more about the ecological structure and functioning of the largest biome on the planet. Missing from discussion of the stewardship of the deep ocean is ecological restoration. If existing activities in the deep sea continue or are expanded and new deep-ocean industries are developed, there is need to consider what is required to minimize or repair resulting damages to the deep-sea environment. In addition, thought should be given as to how any past damage can be rectified. This paper develops the discourse on deep-sea restoration and offers guidance on planning and implementing ecological restoration projects for deep-sea ecosystems that are already, or are at threat of becoming, degraded, damaged or destroyed. Two deep-sea restoration case studies or scenarios are described (deep-sea stony corals on the Darwin Mounds off the west coast of Scotland, deep-sea hydrothermal vents in Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea) and are contrasted with on-going saltmarsh restoration in San Francisco Bay. For these case studies, a set of socio-economic, ecological, and technological decision parameters that might favor (or not) their restoration are examined. Costs for hypothetical restoration scenarios in the deep sea are estimated and first indications suggest they may be two to three orders of magnitude greater per hectare than costs for restoration efforts in shallow-water marine systems. |
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| Keywords: | Deep-sea resource use Restoration science Marine policy Hydrothermal vents Cold-water corals |
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