A conceptual model for water resources circulation patterns in Andarokh-Kardeh region (NE,Iran) |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Groundwater and Geothermal Research Center (GRC), Water and the Environment Institution, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;2. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box: 91775-1436, Mashhad, Iran;1. Department of Industrial Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Section 4, Kee-Lung Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan;2. HIWIN Technologies Corp., No. 7, Jingke Road, Taichung Precision Machinery Park, Taichung 408, Taiwan;3. Department of Urology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Urology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 201, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan;4. Superintendent Office, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan;1. Center of Research in Ionic Liquids, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), 31750, Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia;2. Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, 28100, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;3. Fundamental and Applied Science Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), 31750, Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia;4. Department of Chemistry, Balochistan University of IT, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Takatu Campus, Quetta-87100, Pakistan;5. Department of Physics, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;6. Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan;1. Department of Industrial Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Section 4, Kee-Lung Road, Taipei, Taiwan 106, ROC;2. Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Yuan Ze University, No. 135, Yuan-Tung Road, Chungli, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC |
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| Abstract: | Andarokh-Kardeh region is located northeast of Iran and provides notable part of potable water of Mashhad, the second most populated city of Iran with over 3 million inhabitants. Stable isotopes (18O, 2H and 13C), hydrodynamic, and hydrochemical indicators have been applied to evaluate water resources quality comprehensively and to present a hydrogeological conceptual model for the Andarokh-Kardeh region. Hydrochemical studies indicate that chemical rock weathering and ion exchange are the main factors controlling the quality of water in the region, while atmospheric (precipitation) as well as anthropogenic sources have no notable effect. Stable isotopes (18O and 2H) studies in surface and groundwater samples demonstrate enriched values in Kardeh Dam Reservoir (KDR) due to evaporation and also demonstrate that the interaction between KDR and downstream groundwater resources is negligible. The δ13C isotope and DIC and DOC concentrations indicate role of carbonate mineral dissolution from Mozdooran Formation, atmospheric and soil CO2 and also the domination of C3 vegetation coverage in the study region. The developed conceptual model for Andarokh-Kardeh demonstrates different hydrogeological conditions during wet and dry periods, and highlights the main process which affect hydrogeology of the region. Water quality studies and the developed conceptual model demonstrate the main factors controlling water quality and the main hydrogeological characteristic of Andarokh-Kardeh region which can be used by water resources scientists for the future water management programmes. |
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| Keywords: | Andarokh-Kardeh region Hydrochemistry Hydrodynamic Stable isotopes Karst Surface-groundwater interaction |
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