基于观测数据的风向传感器故障检测方法设计与应用

当自动气象站观测仪器发生故障或运行性能下降，通常是利用专用设备进行维修和检定，但为安装在十数米或数十米高度的风观测仪器进行日常维护会有较大困难。为提高测风设备的维护能力，提出了基于观测记录的风向传感器故障检测方法。利用全国2009—2011年2420站逐小时极大风速的风向和瞬时风速的风向资料，基于风向传感器的格雷码盘的编码原理，设计了风向传感器格雷码失效故障的检测方法，对全国的风资料进行了质量控制，同时通过模拟格雷码失效后风向变化情况，评估了格雷码失效故障所造成的影响。检测分析结果表明：（1）采用逐时极大风速的风向和瞬时风速的风向资料，可检测格雷码失效故障；（2）格雷码第二至七位出现失效故障的台站在全国所占比例为0.4%～0.8%，格雷码第一位出现失效故障的比例为2.6%；（3）格雷码失效对风向观测数据的质量影响较大，特别是失效格雷码为第四至七位时，甚至会造成风向频率的分布完全失真。

Design and Application of Fault Detection Method for Wind Direction Sensors Based on Observation Data

When the automatic weather station instrument malfunctions or its operating performance declines, special equipment for maintenance and calibration is often used, but it is more difficult for routine maintenance of the wind observation instruments installed at the height of more than ten meters or dozens of meters. In order to improve maintenance capabilities, for the wind observation instruments this paper puts forward fault detection method for wind direction sensors based on the observation data. Using the observation data of hourly extreme maximum wind direction and instantaneous wind direction from 2420 automatic weather stations in China, during 2009-2011 and based on the coding theory of Gray code disk of wind direction sensors, we design the fault detection method of Gray code for wind direction sensors. Through quality control on the national wind observation data, and the simulation of wind direction changes caused by the faulty of Gray code, we assess the impact of the Gray code failure. The analysis results show that: (1) By using the observation data of hourly extreme maximum wind direction and instantaneous wind direction, Gray code failure can be detected. (2) Throughout the country, the automatic weather stations seeing faults on the bits from 2 to 7 of the Gray code, takes up the proportion of 0.4%-0.8%. The occurrence proportion of the first bit of Gray code failure is 2.6%. (3) Gray code failure impacts the quality of wind observation data, and even causes the distribution of the wind direction frequency completely distorted, especially the fault of Gray code bit from 4 to 7.