蒸发岩沉积特征及环境综述

蒸发岩是由于蒸发作用从卤水中化学作用沉淀出来的一种含盐岩类，明显受控于沉积环境。蒸发岩是重要战略资源和优质的储层之一，中国的矿床和石油学界都在致力于寻找大型蒸发岩矿床。近几十年来国内外学者都对不同类型的蒸发岩做了地区性的研究，提供了丰富的实际资料，对蒸发岩成矿沉积环境理论也有相应的修正和补充，但是蒸发岩分类繁多，成因复杂，国内对蒸发岩岩相及其常见组合所对应的环境综合解释并未具体着墨。通过梳理国内外有关蒸发岩文献、应用Miall构架单元理论，从结构、构造整理了29种碳酸型、37种硫酸型、11种氯化物型以及13种混合蒸发盐型岩相与其对应的沉积环境与岩相组合。蒸发沉积环境按海相和陆相划分，亚相细分为萨布哈、潮上带、潮间带—潮下带和半深海—深海环境，以及陆内萨布哈（包括干盐湖）、滨湖、浅湖和半深湖—深湖，对每一个亚相出现的常见蒸发岩组合进行了概述，这对中国进一步寻找大型蒸发岩矿床具有重要的借鉴意义。

Evaporite Sedimentary Characteristics and Environment: A review

Evaporites are salt-bearing rocks precipitated from saline water， influenced by their sedimentary environment. They are among the most important strategic high-quality reservoirs of hydrocarbon resources. Regional studies of evaporites in China and globally have produced abundant observational data that gives a revised understanding of the sedimentary environments of evaporites； however， the origins of the many kinds of evaporites are complex， and in China no overall environmental interpretation of evaporite facies and associated common assemblages has previously been determined. The present conclusive study of the structure and texture of evaporites worldwide， adopting the architectural-element analysis approach proposed by Miall （1985）， produced 29 classes of carbonate lithofacies， 37 sulfuric acid lithofacies， 11 chloride lithofacies and 13 mixed evaporite lithofacies， together with their sedimentary environments and associations in marine and terrestrial deposits. These are subdivided into marine sabkhas （supratidal mudflat or sandflat）， supratidal zone， intertidal/subtidal zone， and semi-deep and deep-sea environments； and continental sabkhas， shore， shallow lake and semi-deep to deep lake environments. The common evaporite lithofacies association in each subfacies is summarized， providing an important reference for future evaporite deposit exploration in China.