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The Lateral Trigger Probability function for the Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray showers detected by the Pierre Auger Observatory |
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| Affiliation: | a Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA- UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina b Centro Atómico Constituyentes (Comisión Nacional de Energ?´a Atómica/CONICET/UTN-FRBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina c Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEFA and CONICET, Argentina d Departamento de F?´sica, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires y CONICET, Argentina e IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina f Instituto de Astronom?´a y F?´sica del Espacio (CONICET- UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina g Instituto de F?´sica de Rosario (IFIR) - CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioqu?´micas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina h National Technological University, Faculty Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina i Pierre Auger Southern Observatory, Malargüe, Argentina j Pierre Auger Southern Observatory and Comisión Nacional de Energ?´a Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina k University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia l Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil m Pontif?´cia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil n Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de F?´sica, São Carlos, SP, Brazil o Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de F?´sica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil p Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil q Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Brazil r Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista, BA, Brazil s Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil t Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil u Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de F?´sica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil v Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, Brazil w Rudjer Boškovi? Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia x Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic y Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic z Palacky University, RCATM, Olomouc, Czech Republic aa Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3 Orsay, France ab Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC), Université Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3 Paris, France ac Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3 Orsay, France ad Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3 Paris, France ae Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, INPG, CNRS-IN2P3 Grenoble, France af SUBATECH, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France ag Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany ah Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany ai Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany aj Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany ak Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany al RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany am Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany an Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany ao Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and INFN, Genova, Italy ap Università dell’Aquila and INFN, L’Aquila, Italy aq Università di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, Italy ar Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy as Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy at Università di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy au Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy av Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy aw Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy ax Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy ay Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy az INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy ba Università di Palermo and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy bb Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico bc Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), México, D.F., Mexico bd Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico be Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F., Mexico bf IMAPP, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands bg Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands bh NIKHEF, Amsterdam, Netherlands bi ASTRON, Dwingeloo, Netherlands bj Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland bk University of ?ód?, ?ód?, Poland bl LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal bm J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia bn Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia bo Instituto de F?´sica Corpuscular, CSIC-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain bp Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain bq Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain br Universidad de Granada & C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain bs Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain bt Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom bu School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, United Kingdom bv Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA bw Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA bx Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA by Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA bz Colorado State University, Pueblo, CO, USA ca Fermilab, Batavia, IL, USA cb Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA cc Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA cd New York University, New York, NY, USA ce Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA cf Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA cg Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA ch Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA ci University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, IL, USA cj University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA ck University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA cl University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA cm University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA cn Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology (INST), Hanoi, Vietnam co Konan University, Kobe, Japan |
| Abstract: | In this paper we introduce the concept of Lateral Trigger Probability (LTP) function, i.e., the probability for an Extensive Air Shower (EAS) to trigger an individual detector of a ground based array as a function of distance to the shower axis, taking into account energy, mass and direction of the primary cosmic ray. We apply this concept to the surface array of the Pierre Auger Observatory consisting of a 1.5 km spaced grid of about 1600 water Cherenkov stations. Using Monte Carlo simulations of ultra-high energy showers the LTP functions are derived for energies in the range between 1017 and 1019 eV and zenith angles up to 65°. A parametrization combining a step function with an exponential is found to reproduce them very well in the considered range of energies and zenith angles. The LTP functions can also be obtained from data using events simultaneously observed by the fluorescence and the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory (hybrid events). We validate the Monte Carlo results showing how LTP functions from data are in good agreement with simulations. |
| Keywords: | Ultra-high Energy Cosmic Rays Pierre Auger Observatory Extensive air showers Trigger performance Surface detector Hybrid detector |
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