中国地级及以上城市对外开放度时空分异格局

对外开放是推动中国经济改革与发展的重要机制和动力，是国家繁荣发展的必由之路。以中国343个地级及以上行政单元为研究对象，通过构建熵值-突变系统模型从3个维度测算对外开放度；运用探索性空间数据分析、三维插值拟合分析及重心迁移、空间变差函数等方法，分析中国地级单元对外开放度的时空分异格局及演化的内在机理。结果显示：（1）中国地级单元对外开放度表现出明显的行政指向性、空间地带性和开放区域性等多重分异特征。对外开放度整体呈现东部 > 中部 > 东北 > 西部，南方 > 北方的特征；直辖市、副省级城市、省会城市、经济特区及沿海开放城市整体对外开放水平较高，地级市间差异较大；10 a间，对外开放度总体差异逐渐减小。（2）对外开放度存在明显的空间依赖性，表现为"小分散大集聚"的空间俱乐部趋同特征；10 a间，开放型纹理分散程度趋于提升，闭塞型纹理集聚程度趋于收敛，高原型整体呈破碎化分布。（3）中国对外开放度格局变异的随机成分在逐渐减小，空间自组织性和连续性较为显著，东北-西南方向均质性最好，东南-西北方向空间差异明显。科学剖析地级单元对外开放度时空格局分异及演化机理，对制定合理的对外开放战略和促进外向型经济与区域经济双轨融合发展具有重要的意义。

Spatio-temporal pattern of economic opening rate at prefecture level cities or above in China

Opening to the outside world is one of the fundamental national policies in China.Since the enact of the reform and opening policy,China has gradually formed the comprehensive,multi-level,and wide-ranging opening structure to the outside world,which has brought tremendous and impressive achievements.Since 1978,China has attracted more than 1.7 trillion US dollars of foreign investment,and has reached the cumulative direct foreign investment of more than 1.2 trillion US dollars,which contribute greatly to the development of global economies.In this paper,by analyzing the economic data from the 343 Chinese administrative region cities of the prefecture-level and the above,the entropy-mutation model was established based on the dependence-level of the economic-opening-degree on the foreign trade,investment,tourism and other indicators,leading to the comprehensive assessment on the opening degree of these cities.Through the methods of ESDA,three-dimensional interpolation fitting analyses,barycenter shifting,and space transform function,this paper discussed the overall trends of economic-opening-degree of these aforementioned cities,and the evolutionary characteristics and mechanism of its spatial pattern during 2005-2015 from the perspective of space-time coupling.The results showed as follows:(1) the Chinese economic-opening-degree obviously showed multiple characteristics directed by administration,spatial zone,and regional-opening.Municipalities,sub-provincial cities and capital cities had high economic-opening-degree to the outside world.Marginal differences were observed among these prefecture-level cities.The economic-opening-degree decreased from the East to the Central,Northeast and the West China respectively.The South China had a higher opening degree than the North.Special economic zones and coastal opening cities showed a high level of opening.Meanwhile,river-along and inland opening cities steadily increased their opening degree but have significant difference.(2) The opening degree was significantly related with spatial zones and showed the club characteristics of the small cities of scattering and the large cities of gathering.From 2005 to 2015,the economic opening maintained a relatively overall stable status with the opening degree improving,closing degree declining,and the overall degree of plateau type distributing sparsely.(3) The random change of China's economic opening degree structure is gradually vanishing.The spatial self-organization and continuity of opening degree's structure were more significant.Better homogeneous structure of the opening degree was observed in the Northeast over the Southwest.Clear spatial differences between the Southeast and the Northwest were showed.As the representatives of regional economic development,the prefecture-level cities are organizers,directors,and controllers.Through the research of economic-opening-degree of these cities,this paper could provide scientific advises for the government to make reasonable opening strategies to the outside world and promote regional harmony-development in the new economic situation.