Analysis of cyclical sedimentation in the lower Permian Mchuchuma coalfield (South-West-Tanzania) |
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Authors: | Prof Dr Satyendra M Casshyap Dr Thomas Kreuser Prof Dr Helmut Wopfner |
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Institution: | (1) Present address: Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, 202001 Aligarh, India;(2) Present address: Geologisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Zülpicherstraße 49, 5000 Köln 41, F.R.G. |
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Abstract: | A statistical approach by a modified Markov process model was used to prove that the lower Permian coal measures of the Tanzanian Mchuchuma basin developed distinct cyclicities during deposition. From results the transition path of lithologic states typical for this coal sequence is as follows: (A) coarse sandstone, (B) medium sandstone, (C) fine-very fine sandstone, (D) shale, (E) mudstone, (F) coal or (E+F) and again (A) coarse sandstone. The majority of cycles is are asymmetric (ABCDEF-ABC.)but symmetrical cycles are present as well (ABCDEFED). The statistical results concur with observed sedimentological evidence of depositional environment. Fining upward cycles correspond to the development of basal channel bars, changing into levées, then into back swamps which are topped by coal swamps. Frequent interbedding of coal and mudstone in the upper part of the coal measures calls for periodic flooding and flushing of fine clastics into coal-forming swamps causing interruption of peat formation. Cyclical deposition is explained by wandering channels in response to varying discharge and rate of deposition, their lateral frequent shifting caused the formation of asymmetrical cycles in this fluviodeltaic depositional model.
Zusammenfassung Das kohleführende untere Perm des Mchuchuma Beckens (SW-Tanzania) wurde statistisch mit Hilfe der Markov Analyse auf Zyklizität innerhalb der Abfolge untersucht. Die statistischen Daten zeigen, daß die bevorzugte und für dieses Kohlebecken typische Sequenz folgende lithologische Abfolge umfaßt: (A) grober Sandstein, (B) mittlerer Sandstein, (C) feiner Sandstein, (D) Siltstein, (E) Tonstein, (F) bzw. (E+F) Kohle und erneut (A) grober Sandstein. Es existieren meist asymmetrische Zyklen (ABCDEF-ABCD...) aber symmetrische Zyklen (ABCDEFED) treten ebenfalls auf. Die Markov Analyse ergänzt sehr gut die Beobachtungen bezüglich des Ablagerungsmilieus in den Aufschlüssen. »Fining up« Zyklen beginnen mit basalen Gerinnesanden, überlagert von levée Ablagerungen, welche ihrerseits übergehen in »back swamps« und Kohlesümpfe. Der obere Teil der Kohleabfolge ist durch häufige Wechsellagerungen von Kohle mit Tonstein charakterisiert, die auf periodische Überflutungen und Verfrachtungen von Feinklastika in die Kohlesümpfe zurückzuführen sind. Wandernde Flußgerinne, ausgelöst durch rasch wechselnde Sedimentfracht und Ablagerungsrate, führten zu zyklischen Ablagerungen. Häufig auftretende laterale Gerinneverlagerungen erklären die asymmetrischen Zyklen in diesem fluvio-deltaischen Ablagerungsmodell.
Résumé Des analyses statistiques ont été effectuées par la méthode de Markov sur le Permien inférieur charbonnier du bassin de Mchuchuma (Tanzanie du sud-ouest) dans le but de montrer l'existence de cycles sédimentaires. Les résultats font apparaître une séquence, typique de ce bassin, qui s'ordonne ainsi de bas en haut: (A) grès grossier, (B) grès moyen, (C) grès fin à très fin, (F) siltite, (E) pélite, (F) charbon ou (E+F) et de nouveau (A) grès grossier. Les cycles sont pour la plupart assymétriques (ABCDEF-ABC...) mais il en existe aussi de symétriques (ABCDEFED).Les résultats obtenus par la méthode de Markov concordent avec les observations sédimentologiques relatives au milieu de dépôt. Les cycles granoclassés débutent par des sables fluviatiles surmontés par des dépôts de levées suivis à leur tour de »back swamps«, et se terminent par des dépôts de marais tourbeux. La partie supérieure de la série est caractérisée par une stratification alternée de charbon et de pélite due à des inondations périodiques amenant dans les marais des produits clastiques fins qui interrompaient la formation de la tourbe. La sédimentation cyclique s'explique par la migration de chenaux, provoquée par les variations de l'apport sédimentaire et de la vitesse de dépôt. Les fréquents déplacements latéraux des chenaux expliquent l'asymétrie des cycles, dans ce modèle fluvio-deltaïque.
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![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ). ![Pcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1055.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1091.gif) ![chcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) ![dcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) ![ucy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1091.gif) ![kcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1079.gif) 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![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![chcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ; (C) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![kcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1082.gif) -![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![chcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![kcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1082.gif) ![zcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1079.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![chcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ; (D) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ; (E) ![gcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1075.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ; (F) ![ucy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1091.gif) ![gcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) , ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![zhcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1078.gif) (E + F) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) (A) ![gcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1091.gif) ![bcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1079.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![chcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) . ![TScy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1062.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1082.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1076.gif) ![kcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1102.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1084.gif) ![mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1095.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) (ABCDEF-ABCD), ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![yucy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1102.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1084.gif) ![mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1095.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) ![tscy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1082.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) (ABCDEFED). ![Mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1052.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![Mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1052.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![kcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![gcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ucy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) . ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) ![tscy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1082.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) «![bcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![kcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![khcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1093.gif) » ![zcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1075.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1102.gif) ![bcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1073.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) ![ucy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1082.gif) , ![pcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![khcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1093.gif) ![dcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1076.gif) ![yacy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1103.gif) ![shchcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1097.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) , ![zcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![chcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1102.gif) ![shchcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1097.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![jcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1081.gif) ![mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1084.gif) ![bcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1084.gif) ![bcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1084.gif) , ![kcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tscy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ucy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1091.gif) ![gcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1075.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) . ![Vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1042.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![khcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1093.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![yacy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1103.gif) ![chcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1091.gif) ![gcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1075.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![gcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1075.gif) ![pcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![fcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1092.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![khcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1093.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1079.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![chcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) 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![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ucy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1091.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1100.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![chcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) ![zcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![kcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1073.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![chcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1095.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1075.gif) ![mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![jcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1081.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ucy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1091.gif) ![gcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1075.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) (![bcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ). ![Scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1057.gif) ![mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![shchcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1097.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![chcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1095.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) , ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) ![zcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1079.gif) ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1079.gif) ![mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![yacy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1103.gif) ![mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1073.gif) ![hardcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1098.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1076.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) , ![yacy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1103.gif) ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) , ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1079.gif) ![tscy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1082.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1095.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) . ![CHcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1063.gif) ![acy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) ![bcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![shchcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1097.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1091.gif) 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![ocy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/g5674323716t7868/xxlarge1080.gif) .
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