新疆绿洲城镇对称图谱及其生态经济模式分析

天山南北的绿洲城镇以天山为轴对称,分布图案似一副向西张开的弓箭。在局部区域绿洲分布呈线形、弧形、扇形和放射形模式。绿洲经济以水土资源和矿产资源为依赖,中心城市的形成不以城市配位数和平均距离的大小为关键条件。县级中心城镇人口低于10万,平均配位数为3.50,平均距离144km;地市级中心城市人口10～60万,平均配位数4.25,平均距离450km;西部地区百万人口大城市的平均距离约2000km。绿洲人口持续增长,人口密度233人/km²,超过德国人口密度230人/km²。受控于景观带谱对称格局,生态保护政策将使绿洲转向岛国经济模式,发展经济必须跨越自然空间。工业化和城市化是绿洲发展的必然途径,以发展中小城市为主线。距离省府乌鲁木齐2000km以内的配位经济中心难以带动新疆经济跨越式发展,经济跨越式发展的动力模式,不是城市等级配位分布网络的稳定模式,而是经济差级配位模式。乌鲁木齐处于欧亚大陆新丝绸之路欧亚大陆桥中点处经济地理线形谷地位置。欧亚大陆东部与西部沿海经济中心可以作为与新疆经济合作的优先目标。

Analysis of Oasis Neighborhood Patterns and Ecological Model in Xinjiang

The oases are located along the foot of the mountains in linear,fan-shaped and radial patterns and linked to each other from north to south in Xinjiang through road systems. The distributions of these oases are in bow-shaped pattern with an arrow pointing to the west. The oasis economy is mainly based on water,soil and minerals resources. The number of neighbors and the distance between neighbors are not the key conditions to determine a central city in the region. The central cities at the county level have a population of less than 100 000,with the mean number of 3.50 neighbors,and at an average distance of 144 km from other neighbors. The central cities at the prefecture level have a population ranging between 100 000 and 600 000,with the mean number of 4.25 neighbors and at an average distance of 450 km from other neighbors. The oasis population is growing constantly and has a population density reaching 233/km². The policy of ecological conservation will turn the oasis economy into an island model,because the restrictions on conservation areas will keep the oasis region to be used as farmlands within some defined bounds. The industrialization and urbanization in the oases will be the next mode of development for small and medium-sized cities in the region. The large cities,with a population of more than one million living in a 2 000 km radius around Urumqi,the capital city of Xinjiang,are not economically better developed than Urumqi,therefore,they are not able to support the rapidly developing economy in Urumqi. The pattern of the neighborhood around Urumqi that influences Urumqi’s economy is not the pattern of the neighborhood at the same level,but the pattern of the neighborhood at the higher level. Urumqi is located in the middle of the railway (New Silk Road) linking Asia and Europe,making Urumqi a significant economic and travel hub. The Shanghai region at a distance of 4 000 km and the West Europe at a distance of 6 000 km from Urumqi should be considered as the supporting neighborhood for economy in Xinjiang.