青藏高原末次冰消期以来人类活动的时空演化特征及其原因探讨

青藏高原处于欧亚文明交汇区, 拥有古丝绸之路的高原支线, 其严酷的极端环境对人类生存形成巨大挑战, 研究高原自然环境与过去人类活动之间的关系, 对认识和理解人类应对极端环境的适应模式与机制具有重要价值。文章选用了海拔、地形起伏度、地被指数、水网密度指数、温湿指数、风寒指数、人体舒适度及绝对含氧量自然因子指标, 采用地理加权回归模型, 构建以1 km×1 km栅格为研究单元的青藏高原极端环境指数(EEI)分区, 探讨末次冰消期以来人类活动时空演化及原因。结果表明: 高原EEI变化趋势由东南向西北递减, 根据EEI数值高低将评价结果依次分为低极端区、较低极端区、中极端区、较高极端区和高极端区, 其中高极端区分布在高原腹地和西部少量高大山脉, 较高极端区面积广大且高山横亘, 中极端区包括柴达木盆地、川西高原、青海南部及藏南谷地等地区, 较低极端区以高原边缘河谷和横断山区为主体, 低极端区为面积占比最小的藏东南地区。末次冰消期以来气候条件的转变、东西方文化交流引起的生存技术革新和生业模式的转变, 使人类活动分布重心先后经历了较高极端区均衡散布型(旧-中石器时代)、较低极端区丛簇集聚型(新石器时代)、较低极端区连片集聚型(青铜时代)、中极端区边缘集聚-腹地均衡型(汉-元代)、较低极端区边缘集聚型(明清时期)的空间调整。

The characteristics and reasons of temporal and spatial changes of human activities on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau since the last deglacial period

The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau stands at the intersection of European and Asian civilization. It has become one of the most challenging regions for human survival due to its extreme natural environmental conditions. Study of the relationship between the plateau natural environment condition and past human activities is of great value for understanding the adaptation patterns and mechanisms of human in response to extreme environment. Firstly, based on the suitability of human activity and living condition, as well as the hypoxia and cold environment on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, this paper used biological pressures and subsistence regulating indicators, such as altitude, relief degree of land surface, land cover index, river network density index, temperature-humidity index, wind-chill index, degree of comfort and absolute oxygen content. It also used geographically weighted regression to weigh the indicators above, and then constructed 1 km×1 km grid of the extreme environment index zone of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. And then further classified the extreme environment index zone. Secondly, 19000 sites since the Last Deglaciation were categorized based on their cultural types to five periods, the Paleo-mesolithic period, Neolithic period, Bronze Age, Han-Yuan Dynasty and Ming Qing Times. Lastly, superimposed the cultural sites during different period over the extreme environmental index to compare the extreme environment index zone and distribution pattern of the sites, and to draw the process of human adaptation to different levels of extreme environment condition on the plateau since the Last Deglaciation.