New constraints on the release of noble gases during in vacuo crushing and application to scapolite Br–Cl–I and Ar/Ar age determinations

The release of irradiation-produced noble gas isotopes (³⁸Ar_Cl, ⁸⁰Kr_Br, ¹²⁸Xe_I and ³⁹Ar_K) during in vacuo crushing scapolite has been investigated and is compared to quartz. Three thousand crushing strokes released 98% of fluid inclusion-hosted noble gas from quartz. In comparison, 3000 crushing strokes released only 4% of the lattice-hosted ³⁸Ar_Cl from a scapolite gem. In vacuo crushing released lattice Ar preferentially relative to lattice Kr or Xe and prolonged crushing released 88% of the lattice-hosted noble gas in 96,000 crushing strokes. We suggest fast diffusion pathways generated by crushing are an important noble gas release mechanism and we demonstrate two applications of prolonged in vacuo crushing on irradiated scapolite.Firstly, scapolite molar Br/Cl and I/Cl values are shown to vary over a similar range as crustal fluids. The Cl-rich scapolite gem from Hunza, Pakistan has Br/Cl of 0.5–0.6 × 10⁻³ and I/Cl values of 0.3–2 × 10⁻⁶, that are similar to fluids that have dissolved evaporites. In contrast, three out of four skarn-related scapolites from the Canadian Grenville Province have molar Br/Cl values of 1.5–2.4 × 10⁻³, and I/Cl values of 11–24 × 10⁻⁶, that are broadly consistent with skarn formation by magmatic fluids. The fourth Grenvillian scapolite, with only 0.02 wt% Cl, has an exceptionally elevated molar Br/Cl value of up to 54 × 10⁻³ and I/Cl of 284 × 10⁻⁶. It is unclear if these values reflect the composition of fluids formed during metamorphism or preferential incorporation of Br and I in Cl-poor meionitic scapolite.Secondly, the Grenvillian scapolites give plateau ages of between 830 Ma and 400 Ma. The oldest ages post-date regional skarn formation by 200 Myr, but are similar to feldspar cooling ages in the Province. The age variation in these samples is attributed to a combination of factors including variable thermal history and the presence of mineral sub-grains in some of the samples. These sub-grains control the release of ³⁹Ar_K, ³⁸Ar_Cl and ⁴⁰Ar* during in vacuo crushing as well as the samples ⁴⁰Ar* retentivity in nature. Scapolite is suggested as a possible analogue for K-feldspar in thermochronologic studies.