图们江流域敬信湿地生物多样性及其保护对策

敬信湿地位于图们江流域下游,中、俄、朝3国交界处,是吉林省主要湿地之一,鱼类资源丰富,植物群丛多样,重点保护鸟类众多。目前,由于围垦、生物资源过度利用、城市化等不合理的人类活动,敬信湿地生物多样性面临诸多方面的压力和威胁。通过分析敬信湿地生物多样性的现状及其所面临的主要威胁,提出敬信湿地生物多样性保护和可持续利用的主要对策,以期为敬信湿地生物多样性保护和图们江地区湿地保护与合理利用提供依据。

Biodiversity and Their Protection in the Jingxin Wetland in the Tumen River Basin

Wetlands perform indispensable functions such as reducing flood levels, decreasing the pollutants, regulating the climate, controlling soil erosion, keeping geochemistry circle as well as ecological services. Physical environment in the Tumen River Basin results in the occurrence of diverse wetland types. The source and upper reaches of the Tumen River Basin are dominated by forest and shrub swamps. In the middle reaches are mainly dominated by herbaceous marshes. From the lower reaches to the mouth of the Tumen River, the main types are natural lakes, reservoirs and marshes. The Jingxin wetland situates on lower reaches of the Tumen River basin and boundary across of China, Russia and Korea. The total area of the Jingxin wetlands of Jilin Province is 8 063 hm~2 including estuary wetlands (inland), rivers, lakes, swamps and so on. The Jinxin wetland has abundant biodiversity owing to its unique geographical position and climate condition. There are abundant fish resources, diversified vegetation types and a large number of specially protected birds in the Jinxin wetland that is one of the main wetlands in Jilin province. Vegetable diversity is greatly abundance in the Jinxin wetland. There are three hundred and five species of higher plants (subordinated to 51 families) in the Jinxin wetland. The species of higher plant covers 14.59% of species in the Tumen River basin and 60.76% of species in Jilin province wetlands. Though the area of the Jingxin wetland is small, but the plant species is abundant. Compared with the Xianghai wetland and the Momoge wetland, Fish resources of the Jingxin wetland is situated on middle level. In plant resources, the average output of bulrush is bigger than the Momoge wetland and less than the Xianghai wetland. There are 15 orders, 32 families and 126 species of avian, among which there are 18 species of state-protected I grade and II grade there. Moreover, there are 6 orders, 13 families and 24 species of mammals, 3 orders, 7 families and 8 species of amphibians and creeping animal and 7 orders, 10 families and 32 species of fishes in the wetland. Among these species there are 6 kinds of key national protected fish. However, own to unreasonable utilization for a long time, the wetlands have charmed a meat deal in area and landscape structure, the ecological functions have been seriously affected and menaced, biodiversity has rapidly reduced. On the basis of the present situation of biodiversity and the main threats were analyzed in detail in the Jingxin wetland. The pressure and threaten are human disturbance, reclamation, building field, waste of biology resource and water pollution. Human activities have greatly changed the spatial pattern and ecological structure of wetlands in the whole Tumen River Basin. Wetland ecological monitoring systems should be developed, the wetland spatial structure must be rationally adjusted. Countermeasures were put forward for conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilization of wetland resources.