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Life Histories, Salinity Zones, and Sublethal Contributions of Contaminants to Pelagic Fish Declines Illustrated with a Case Study of San Francisco Estuary, California, USA |
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| Authors: | Marjorie L Brooks Erica Fleishman Larry R Brown Peggy W Lehman Inge Werner Nathaniel Scholz Carys Mitchelmore James R Lovvorn Michael L Johnson Daniel Schlenk Suzanne van Drunick James I Drever David M Stoms Alex E Parker Richard Dugdale |
| Institution: | 1. Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 E. Lincoln Dr., MC 6501, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA 2. Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, 3011 Bren Hall, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA 3. John Muir Institute of the Environment, The Barn, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA 4. U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA 5. California Department of Water Resources, Division of Environmental Services, 3500 Industrial Boulevard, West Sacramento, CA, 95691, USA 6. Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1330 F Haring Hall, Davis, CA, 95616, USA 7. Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, Eawag/EPFL, ??berlandstrasse 133, 8600, D??bendorf, Switzerland 8. NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Environmental Conservation Division, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA 9. Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, P.O. Box 38, Solomons, MD, 20688, USA 10. Center for Watershed Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA 11. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, 2258 Geology, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA 12. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science (CIRES), University of Colorado at Boulder, Box 216 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA 13. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Department 3006, University of Wyoming, 1000 University Avenue, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA 14. Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA, 94920, USA |
| Abstract: | Human effects on estuaries are often associated with major decreases in abundance of aquatic species. However, remediation priorities are difficult to identify when declines result from multiple stressors with interacting sublethal effects. The San Francisco Estuary offers a useful case study of the potential role of contaminants in declines of organisms because the waters of its delta chronically violate legal water quality standards; however, direct effects of contaminants on fish species are rarely observed. Lack of direct lethality in the field has prevented consensus that contaminants may be one of the major drivers of coincident but unexplained declines of fishes with differing life histories and habitats (anadromous, brackish, and freshwater). Our review of available evidence indicates that examining the effects of contaminants and other stressors on specific life stages in different seasons and salinity zones of the estuary is critical to identifying how several interacting stressors could contribute to a general syndrome of declines. Moreover, warming water temperatures of the magnitude projected by climate models increase metabolic rates of ectotherms, and can hasten elimination of some contaminants. However, for other pollutants, concurrent increases in respiratory rate or food intake result in higher doses per unit time without changes in the contaminant concentrations in the water. Food limitation and energetic costs of osmoregulating under altered salinities further limit the amount of energy available to fish; this energy must be redirected from growth and reproduction toward pollutant avoidance, enzymatic detoxification, or elimination. Because all of these processes require energy, bioenergetics methods are promising for evaluating effects of sublethal contaminants in the presence of other stressors, and for informing remediation. Predictive models that evaluate the direct and indirect effects of contaminants will be possible when data become available on energetic costs of exposure to contaminants given simultaneous exposure to non-contaminant stressors. |
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