俄罗斯岩石科学的进展和问题

最主要进展是把岩石学研究扩大至天体，形成了天体岩石学研究方向。以陨石、月岩、彗星及宇宙尘为主要对象，运用地球化学天体化学观点，研究太阳系行星的起源和演化，并推衍于地球内生作用，指出行星的更生（ｒｅｎｏｖａｔｉｏｎ）过程有三种类型：裂谷作用、成岛（ｎｅｓｏｇｅｎｅｓｉｓ）和造山作用。文中对裂谷岩浆作用、碱性岩浆（在成岛阶段）演化作了论述，提出金刚石成因四大类型。认为金伯利岩钾镁煌斑岩中金刚石成矿是承袭被取代的母岩高压成矿的产物，变质杂岩中金刚石来自卷入其中的含金刚石橄榄岩、辉石岩和榴辉岩，金刚石的高￣３Ｈｅ／￣４Ｈｅ比值排除其为变质成因，金刚石成因新解释提出了金刚石成矿预测的新思路。含金刚石环状构造并非陨石冲击所成而是火山强力爆发的产物，各类球粒陨石中都发现过金刚石，说明球粒陨石来自巨型行星熔融核心，其流体外壳的压力足以生成金刚石。地球与太阳系其它星体之差别在于存在地槽体制、火山沉积岩系褶皱及其造山演化过程。

ADVANCES AND PROBLEMS IN THE PETROLOGICAL SCIENCE IN RUSSIA

The principal step forward is the widening of petrological studies on extrater-restrial objects,resulted in the new scientific trend,named Cosmic Petrology.Renovationprocess on planets are complicatelso it can only schematically be reduced to 3 types:theriftogenesis,the nesogenesis and the orogenesis,The riftogenic magmatism and the pro-cess of the alkaline magmatism at nesogenesis stage are elaborated.Four types of diamondmineralization are discussed.The lamproites and kimberlites themselves do not containtheir own high-bar mineralization.They inherited the high pressure intratelluric mantlematerials including diamond from their parent rocks during the replacement processes.The diamonds in metamorphic complexes are not metamorphic origin,The dimonds remainonly as inclusions in relic granites,clinopyroxenites and zircons.High(solar)ratio of3He/4He excludes their metamorphic formation,The interpretation of the diamond genesisin metamorphic complexes widens radically perspectives of the diamond prospecting, Newconceptions on diamond ring structures are proposed.The meteoric hypothesis of their ori-gin should be repudiated;however,the hypothesis of great-power bursts caused by pro-cesses of general degasing of the Earth is better accepted.The discovery of diamonds invarious types of chondrites has significantly widened our notion on the genesis of dia-monds.According to these notions,the chondritic matter was formed initially in the melt-ed cores of giant planets,Under the high pressure of their fluid shells the diamonds areformed.The Earth’s specificity among all other planets of the solar system are also brieflydiscussed at the end of the present paper.