Low frequency variations in currents on the southern continental shelf of the Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea (CS) is the largest enclosed basin in the world, located inside the Eurasian continent in the Northern Hemisphere. Although there have been few studies of the dynamics of the coastal zone in the CS, observations show that oscillations with periods from 2–3 days to 1–3 weeks dominate. These oscillations are presumed to be related to the synoptic variability of direct wind impact and to coastally-trapped waves (CTW). Here, we describe and interpret current meter observations on the continental margins of the southern CS from 2012 to 2014 to identify and characterize CTW there. Time series analysis provides evidence for both remote and locally wind-forced eastward traveling signals with time lags consistent with CTW theory. A wind-forced model with two CTW modes is able to reproduce the structure, amplitudes, and phases of observed alongshore current fluctuations, explaining half of the variance at frequencies less than 1 cpd. Remote forcing effects are present at all times, but are most striking when the local winds are weak, as in summer. The CTW calculations also suggest that the source region for the remote forcing may extend farther north along the west coast of the CS.