经典地缘政治理论研究视角及其对发展中国新地缘政治理论的启示

纵观历史，任何一个国家的崛起都会给全球稳定和地缘格局带来影响。到目前为止，地缘政治学发展了4个经典的地缘政治理论，即国家有机体论、海权论、陆权论和边缘地带论。每一个理论的提出都是研究者根据自身所处国家现实、地缘格局和地理冲突而提出的。面对中国崛起、海外贸易激增、周边矛盾冲突不断，为了实现国家和平崛起，中国需要相应的地缘理论指导。通过对4个经典地缘政治理论文本的解读，文章首先归纳了经典地缘政治理论的2个视角，即空间视角和权力视角。其次结合英国、美国不同时间段地理冲突和国家实力的变化，从空间冲突和实力变迁2个方面对以上2个视角作历史佐证，并据此进一步以英国、美国和日本为例分析了经典地缘政治理论的缺陷，即理论上的合理性和实践上的不可行性。此外，经典地缘政治理论还存在现实和理论2个方面困境，现实困境是指任何理论都是特定历史背景产物，不能满足现实发展需求；理论困境是指经典地缘政治理论过于强调物质因素，忽视非物质因素。最后指出对发展中国新地缘政治理论的3点启示，并结合西方政治地理学新发展讨论中国政治地理学发展方向问题。

Research Perspectives of Classic Geopolitical Theories and Their Enlightenment for Developing China’s New Geopolitical Theory

From a general survey on world history, it can be found that a country’s rise would affect the global stability and geopolitical pattern. So far, geopolitics has developed four classic geopolitical theories, namely, the national organism theory, the sea power theory, the land power theory and the edge zone theory. Each theory is based on the national reality, geopolitical pattern and geographical conflict of the presenter’s country. With the rise of China, her overseas trade surges, and the conflicts between China and peripheral countries also increase. In order to achieve a peaceful rise, China needs corresponding theoretical guidance from geopolitics. Based on the text interpretation of the four classic geopolitical theories, this paper integrates the perspectives of the four classic geopolitical theories into two kinds, namely, the perspective of space and that of power. The land power theory and the edge zone theory are of the perspective of space, the sea power theory is of the perspective of power, and the national organism theory combines the two perspectives. Having studied the geographical conflicts and the national strength changes of Great Britain and the United States in different time, this paper confirms that the above-mentioned two perspectives are correct. Taking UK, USA and Japan as examples, the paper analyses the defect of the classic geopolitical theories, that is the reasonability in theory and the infeasibility in practice. The defect is mainly referred to that the sea power theory might mislead countries to ignore their geographical environment, while the land power theory would mislead them to overlook the power of the sea. In addition, there exist both practical and theoretical difficulty in classical geopolitical theories. The practical difficulty is referred to that any theory is the product of a particular historical context, that can not meet the realistic needs of the contemporary development; theoretical dilemma is referred to that the classic geopolitical theory places too much emphasis on material factors, ignoring the intangible factors. Finally, the paper puts forward three suggestions for the development of China’s new geopolitical theory: 1) the new geopolitical theory should meet China’s current needs to cope with the space conflict; 2) the new theory should meet the size of China’s strength or power; 3) the new theory should help to build China’s geo-spatial relationship. Combined with the new development of western political geography, this paper briefly discusses the development direction of political geography in China.