典型喀斯特地貌空间配置的洪水资源化机理——以贵州省为例

洪水资源化是解决喀斯特地区水资源严重缺乏的有效途径。文章在贵州省喀斯特地区选取40个流域作为研究样区，利用面向对象技术的监督分类型方法，提取典型喀斯特地貌类型；分析流域样区特征，利用系统聚类法，将其划分为6种流域类型，即是：喀斯特低中山型（Ⅰ）、峰丛谷地型（Ⅱ）、混合型（Ⅲ）、峰林盆地（溶原）型（Ⅳ）、峰丛洼地型（Ⅴ）和峰林地貌型（Ⅵ）；利用相关分析方法，分析不同地貌空间配置对洪水径流特征的影响，探索地貌空间配置对洪水的分配与承载规律，从流域结构角度研究地貌空间配置对洪水资源化的实现。研究表明：1）洪水径流模数、径流系数及其C_v值曲线呈现“双峰型”分布，且分别在峰丛谷地型流域（Ⅱ）和峰丛洼地型流域（Ⅴ）达极大值；2）不同流域类型实现洪水资源利用总量，从大到小排序为：Ⅴ（6.22×10⁸ m³）>Ⅰ（2.88×10⁸ m³）>Ⅵ（1.49×10⁸ m³）>Ⅱ（1.34×10⁸ m³）>Ⅳ（1.25×10⁸ m³）>Ⅲ（0.55×10⁸ m³）；3）除峰丛谷地型（Ⅱ）和混合型（Ⅲ）流域外，所有流域类型的地下洪水资源总量大于地表洪水资源总量。喀斯特流域的洪水资源化，深受喀斯特地表的起伏及其流域侵蚀基准面和溶蚀基准面的控制。

FloodWater Resources Utilization Mechanism Based on Spatial Configuration of Typical Karst Landform: A Case Study of Guizhou Province

Flood Water Resources Utilization (FWRU) is an effective way to solve the serious water shortage problem in Karst areas. This paper selected 40 basins in Guizhou province as the samples to extract the typical Karst landform types by using the supervised classification method of object-oriented technology, and analyzed the characteristics of those sample areas. Then the paper used the method of systematic cluster to classify the sample areas into six basin types, which are: Karst low-medium mountain type (Ⅰ), peak-cluster valley type (Ⅱ), mixed type (Ⅲ), peak forest basin(rongyuan) type (Ⅳ), peak-cluster depression type (Ⅴ), and peak forest landform type (Ⅵ). With the correlation analysis method, the paper analyzed the effects of different landform spatial configurations on the flood runoff characteristics values (i.e. the flood runoff coefficient and flood runoff modulus), explored the allocation and loading rules of landform spatial configurations on floods, and researched the realization of FWRU under different landform spatial configurations from the view point of basin structures. The results show that：1) the curves of Flood Runoff Modulus (FRM), Flood Runoff Coefficient (FRC) and Coefficient of Variation (C_v) presented “double-peak type” distribution, and at the peak-cluster valley basin (Ⅱ) and peak-cluster depression basin (Ⅴ) they reached the maximum values; 2) the descending order (unit：billion cubic meters) of the total amounts of flood resources utilization for different basin types is Ⅴ(0.622)＞Ⅰ(0.288)＞Ⅵ(0.149)＞Ⅱ(0.134)＞Ⅳ(0.125)＞Ⅲ(0.055); 3)the total amounts of underground flood resources for all the basin types, except type II and type III, are greater than that of surface flood resources.