Marine conservation science and governance in North–West Europe: Conservation planning and international law and policy |
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| Institution: | 1. New Jersey Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Tiernan Hall, Room 151, University Heights, Newark, NJ, 07102, United States;2. Rutgers University, Department of Human Ecology, 55 Dudley Road, Cook Office Building, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, United States;1. Ocean Wise Conservation Association, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6B 3X8;2. Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4;3. Galland Consulting, Washington, DC 20009, USA;4. Environmental Studies Program, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, USA;5. Greenpeace, Washington, DC 20001, USA;1. School of the Environment, Saint Mary׳s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3C3;2. Department of Fisheries and Oceans St. Andrews Biological Station, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada E5B 2L7;3. Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 5A3;1. The Nature Conservancy, Caribbean Program, 255 Alhambra Circle, Coral Gables, FL 33134, USA;2. Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 2796 Oversees Highway, Marathon, FL 33050, USA;3. United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK;4. The Department of Geography and Geology, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA |
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| Abstract: | Member States of the European Union are increasingly designating marine protected areas (MPAs) to meet globally agreed marine protection targets and regional commitments. A number of studies have examined the impact of the associated European policy on the representation of species and habitats but there is no comprehensive review of their combined impact on marine conservation in Europe. Here a systematic conservation planning framework is used to conduct such a review and compare the existing legislation to three elements of best practice, which are designed to identify MPA networks that achieve conservation goals whilst increasing the likelihood of implementation. In particular, this review investigates the extent to which legislation: (i) translates broad policy goals into explicit targets; (ii) incorporates socio-economic data into the planning process; and (iii) requires a social assessment. Whilst this legislation has widespread political support and has underpinned the rapid expansion of MPA networks, this review shows it largely fails to incorporate these key components from systematic conservation planning. Therefore, if European approaches to marine conservation are to fulfil their goal of halting marine biodiversity loss, it is essential they link existing policy frameworks with transparent strategies that account for local conditions and support implementation. |
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