Sport fisheries: Opportunities and challenges for diversifying coastal livelihoods in the Pacific |
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Affiliation: | 1. U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Rm. 123, University of Arizona, 1110 E. So. Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85719, United States;2. U.S. Geological Survey, Core Science Analytics and Synthesis, Denver Federal Center Bldg. 810, Lakewood, CO 80225, United States;3. U.S. Geological Survey, USA National Phenology Network, 1955 E 6th St., Tucson, AZ 85721, United States;4. NOAA Fisheries Service, Office of Science and Technology, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States;1. Department of Fish. Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;2. TARA, 1 Purbachal Road, Northeast Badda, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;3. Future Oceans Lab, University of Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain;4. Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL13 DH, UK;5. AZTI, Herrera Kaia, Portualdea, z/g, Pasaia, Gipuzkoa 20110, Spain |
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Abstract: | High population growth rates and poverty are likely to elevate the vulnerability of many coastal communities in the Pacific region to climate change. Alternative livelihood strategies which can generate income and simultaneously conserve fish stocks and their habitats are a priority. This paper investigates the feasibility of ‘sport fishing’ (recreational catch and release angling for particular species of predatory game fish) as such a strategy. The limited research of sport fisheries in developing countries is augmented with a review of community-based ecotourism, integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs) and common property management literature to propose design principles. Five pre-requisite principles for the success of sport fishery enterprises are suggested. First, adequate local capacity must be available to manage a tourism business and facilities, supported by cross-scale co-management amongst stakeholders. Second, appropriate governance arrangements must be in place to ensure the equitable dispersal of benefits to all members of the local community, and conflict resolution. Third, resource-ownership boundaries and rights must be clearly delineated before the enterprise begins in order to minimise the potential for future conflict. Fourth, social, biodiversity and ecosystem service co-benefits should result from the enterprise. These should include improvements in income, health, education, food security, the status of the target and non-target species and their habitat and non-fishery ecosystem services. Fifth, monitoring and evaluation of these principles is required within an adaptive co-management framework which takes a social–ecological systems approach and includes all stakeholders in social learning and power-sharing. Through this, broader impacts of the enterprise may emerge which go beyond the standard assessment of ecotourism and ICDP success in financial or biodiversity terms. These principles now need to be tested by researching the experiences of case studies of sport fishing enterprises in the Pacific. |
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Keywords: | Adaptive co-management Climate change adaptation Ecosystem services Ecotourism Food security Monitoring and evaluation |
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