The California Marine Life Protection Act: A balance of top down and bottom up governance in MPA planning |
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| Institution: | 1. University of California Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA;2. Marine Life Protection Act Initiative, California Natural Resources Agency, 1416 Ninth St., Suite 1311, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA;1. Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS, Canada. Elizabeth.De.Santo@dal.ca;2. Department of Geography, University College London (UCL), UK. P.J.Jones@ucl.ac.uk;3. Department of Geography, University College London (UCL), UK. w.qiu@ucl.ac.uk;4. School of Earth and Environment, University of Western Australia. julian.clifton@uwa.edu.au;9. Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), PO Box 213, North Hobart, 7002, Tasmania, Australia;1. Department of Geography, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 6BT, UK;2. China Institute for Marine Affairs, State Oceanic Administration, 1# Fuxingmenwai Avenue, Beijing 100860, China;1. School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada;2. The Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, 1365 Memorial Drive, Ungar Building 230M, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA;3. Stanford University, Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, 473 Via Ortega, Y2E2 Suite 226, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;4. Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, 6182 Steele Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA;5. Environmental Change and Governance Group, School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1 Canada;6. Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom;7. Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, 5115 Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA;8. Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA |
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| Abstract: | California recently established a state-wide MPA network that extends over 1900 km of coastline and includes 124 MPAs totaling nearly 2200 km². Designing and implementing such an MPA network in a populous democratic state with a large number of ocean users required a balance of top-down and bottom-up governance strategies. A legal mandate for MPAs identified the goals for the network and stipulated that scientific knowledge should form the basis of MPA design, while political necessity led to a participatory stakeholder-driven MPA design process. At the time of publication, the oldest region of the network was just five years old, so it remains to be seen how the governance strategies employed in MPA planning will evolve to meet the challenges of long-term MPA management. |
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