Discharge and suspended sediment flux estimated along the mainstream of the Amazon and the Madeira Rivers (from in situ and MODIS Satellite Data) |
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| Institution: | 1. GET, Université de Toulouse, CNRS-IRD-OMP, 14 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France;2. LABOMAR-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. da Abolição, 3207, Fortaleza 60165-081, CE, Brazil;3. Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris -, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France;4. Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, IVIC Centro de Oceanologia y Estudios Antárticos Carretera Panamericana, Km 11. Altos de Pipe 1020ª Venezuela;5. IFREMER, Unité de Recherche Géosciences Marines, F-29280 Plouzané, France;1. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE), CONICET/UBA, Argentina;2. Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences (RBINS), Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Belgium;3. Laboratoire d''Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), UMR 7093, CNRS/UPMC, France;4. Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Belgium;1. Cranfield Water Science Institute, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom;2. Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom |
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| Abstract: | Water and suspended sediment fluxes are considered during the period 2000–2008 in a region including the full Amazon River from the confluence of the Negro River to Santarém, the end part of the Solimões River, and the lower part of the Madeira River. Three types of data are used: water discharge estimated from field measurements, and suspended sediment obtained from field measurements and derived from MODIS satellite data. A generalized least square method including a propagating term is developed in order to propagate the signal upward and downward the river. The approach is introduced and tested. Several experiments are considered in order, first, to estimate the ability to propagate the signal from stations located before the confluences of Negro and Madeira Rivers to stations located on the Amazon River; second to investigate the possibility to propagate the signal along the Amazon River which dynamics is coupled with floodplains dynamics; and third to produce optimal solutions of water and sediment fluxes. For each experiment, the influence of field and satellite data is compared. The approach is efficient in the upper part of the region of study where the Solimões, the Negro and the Madeira Rivers meet and fails in the lower part of the region where interactions between Amazon River and floodplains play an important role on the fluxes’ dynamics. The optimal experiment includes in situ and satellite data from all the stations available and is used to analyse the recent evolution of suspended sediment flux along the Amazon River and its interaction with the large coupled floodplains. A high accumulation rate is observed during the 2000–2002 period, followed by decreasing rates until 2005 and by increasing values in 2006 and 2007. Our results suggest that floodplains extending along a river reach of 390 km-long between Itacoatiara and Óbidos trap about 15% of the suspended sediment flux passing at Óbidos. The simulated deposition rate is of about 0.3 Mt km?1 yr?1 corresponding to an accretion rate of about 27 mm yr?1. |
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| Keywords: | Suspended sediments Remote sensing Sediment transport Amazonian Basin Statistical modelling |
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