Radiocarbon dating from 40 to 60 ka BP at Border Cave,South Africa |
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| Institution: | 1. Research School of Earth Sciences and Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T. 0200, Australia;2. Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T. 0200, Australia;3. McGregor Museum, Kimberley, South Africa;1. Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, ZALF, Germany;2. RSB, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia;3. Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Australia;4. SKLLQG, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, China;5. Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia;6. Swiss Federal Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland;7. Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology & Inland Fisheries, Germany;8. Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung, Rostock, Germany;9. LUFA Nord-West, Institut für Futtermittel, Oldenburg, Germany;1. Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa;2. Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, Schloss Hohentübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany;3. Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, ROCEEH (The Role of Culture in Early Expansions of Humans), Rümelinstr. 23, 72070, Tübingen, Germany;4. Senckenberg Centre for Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, Schloss Hohentübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany;1. Department of Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA;2. Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa;1. Gemmological Institute, China University of GeoSciences, Wuhan 430074, China;2. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization & Sedimentary Mineral, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 310003, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;4. School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xian 710021, China;5. University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry and Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;2. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China;3. Isotopomics in Chemical Biology & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, China;4. State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China;1. Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364, USA;2. Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364, USA;3. Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402, USA;4. Centre for Coastal Palaeoscience, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa;5. School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;6. Pre-Colonial Archaeology Unit, Social History Collections, Iziko Museums of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa;7. Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;8. Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA;9. CT Scanner Unit, Central Analytical Facilities of Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa |
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| Abstract: | We present 21 radiocarbon dates on 19 charcoal samples from the sedimentary sequence preserved in Border Cave, South Africa. The background radiocarbon activity for charcoal from the cave was determined to be 0.050±0.018 percent modern carbon, from the analysis of a radiocarbon-dead sample from unit 5WA. Radiocarbon ages for individual samples ranged from 25.2 to >58.2 ka BP.The error-weighted mean ages for successively older strata are 38.5+0.85/?0.95 ka BP for unit 1WA, 50.2+1.1/?1.0 ka BP for units 2BS.LR.A and 2BS.LR.B, 56.5+2.7/?2.0 ka BP for unit 2BS.LR.C and 59.2+3.4/?2.4 ka BP for unit 2WA. This radiocarbon chronology is consistent with independent chronologies derived from electron spin resonance and amino acid racemization dating. The results therefore provide further evidence that radiocarbon dating of charcoal by the ABOX-SC technique can yield reliable radiocarbon ages beyond 40 ka BP. They also imply that Border Cave 5, a modern human mandible, predates >58.2 ka BP and that the Middle Stone Age (Mode 3)—Later Stone Age (Mode 5) transition of Border Cave was largely effected between ～56.5 and ～41.6 ka ago. |
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