Reconstructing pathways of aeolian pollen transport to the marine sediments along the coastline of SW Africa |
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| Institution: | 1. Geophysics and Remote Sensing Unit, Council for Geoscience, PO Box 572, Bellville, 7535, South Africa;2. African Centre for Coastal Palaeoscience, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, 6031, South Africa;3. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa;4. Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, PO Box 872402, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-2402, USA;5. Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia;6. Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, School of Humanities, University of South Africa, P O Box 392, UNISA, 0003, South Africa;7. Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa;1. Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden;2. Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 97, FI-67101 Kokkola, Finland;3. Department of Geology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;4. Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 1237, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;5. Muon Solutions Oy, Rakkarinne 9, FI-96900 Saarenkylä, Finland;6. Kerttu Saalasti Institute, University of Oulu, Pajatie 5, 85500 Nivala, Finland;7. Arctic Planetary Science Institute, Lihtaajantie 1 E 27, 44150 Äänekoski, Finland;1. Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China;2. Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;4. Louisiana State University, School of the Coast & Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;5. First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China;6. University of Goettingen, Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, 37073 Goettingen, Germany;1. Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Avenue Geoffroy St-Hilaire, CS 5023, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France;2. Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine (SHOM), 29228 Brest, France;1. Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK;2. College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK;3. Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., 12, Tehran, 1411813389, Iran |
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| Abstract: | The distribution of pollen in marine sediments is used to reconstruct pathways of terrigenous input to the oceans and provides a record of vegetation change on adjacent continents. The wind transport routes of aeolian pollen is comprehensively illustrated by clusters of trajectories. Isobaric, 4-day backward trajectories are calculated using the modelled wind-field of ECHAM3, and are clustered on a seasonal basis to estimate the main pathways of aeolian particles to sites of marine cores in the south-eastern Atlantic. Trajectories and clusters based on the modelled wind-field of the Last Glacial Maximum hardly differ from those of the present-day. Trajectory clusters show three regional, and two seasonal patterns, determining the pathways of aeolian pollen transport into the south-eastern Atlantic ocean. Mainly, transport out of the continent occurs during austral fall and winter, when easterly and south-easterly winds prevail. South of 25°S, winds blow mostly from the west and southwest, and aeolian terrestrial input is very low. Generally, a good latitudinal correspondence exists between the distribution patterns of pollen in marine surface sediments and the occurrence of the source plants on the adjacent continent. The northern Angola Basin receives pollen and spores from the Congolian and Zambezian forests mainly through river discharge. The Zambezian vegetation zone is the main source area for wind-blown pollen in sediments of the Angola Basin, while the semi-desert and desert areas are the main sources for pollen in sediments of the Walvis Basin and on the Walvis Ridge. A transect of six marine pollen records along the south-western African coast indicates considerable changes in the vegetation of southern Africa between glacial and interglacial periods. Important changes in the vegetation are the decline of forests in equatorial Africa and the north of southern Africa and a northward shift of winter rain vegetation along the western escarpment. |
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