中国居民时间的利用特征及其影响因素分析

时间作为测量人类生活的计量单位,能够直观地反映居民各项活动的时间利用状况。将居民的日常活动归类为工作、生活和休闲三类活动,运用2008年我国第一次居民时间利用调查的数据,通过对中国、美国、日本和新西兰4个国家进行对比研究,分析性别、年龄、职业、收入对居民时间利用的影响。研究表明,中国居民在时间利用方面与发达国家相比呈现出明显的不同。主要结论是:①年龄与职业是影响居民时间利用的最重要因素。随着年龄增长,居民的工作、生活和休闲时间分别呈现"反L"、"N"和"U"型变化;职位越高收入越高者工作与生活时间相对较少,休闲娱乐时间增加并且活动也比较丰富。②多数居民的生活呈"模式化"的特点,生活规律的共性很强。

Time characteristic of Chinese residents and its influencing factors

As a measurement unit of human life, time can directly reflect the using situation of resident activities. In 2008, The National Bureau of Statistics carried out the first survey of time using conditions in ten provinces (municipality), namely, Beijing, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Zhejiang, Anhui, Henan, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan and Gansu. The paper classified residents'' daily activities into three categories as work, living and leisure. Based on the statistics of the survey, the paper analyzed the influences of gender, age, career and income on the time using of the residents through the comparative study of four countries of China, USA, Japan and New Zealand. It also analyzed the ways to build mathematical models between the three categories. The conclusions are drawn as follows. (1) The leisure time of Chinese residents especially men was much shorter compared to that of residents in developed countries such as the USA. (2) The most important influencing factors of time using of residents were age and income, while with the increasing age, the time spent on work, living and leisure of residents presented the changing patterns of "Reverse U", "N" and "V". The income of residents was closely related to careers, which affected the ways of time using. The residents spend the longest time on working and shortest time on leisure while their monthly income was in a range of 0-500 yuan. With the increase of income, the working time of residents'' decreased, and when their income exceeded 2000 yuan, the time spent on work increased again. (3) There was a significant difference between Chinese urban and rural residents in time using. Urban residents enjoyed more leisure time and plentiful leisure activities. (4) Working time was negatively related to living and leisure time. Furthermore, most residents had common living styles.