Evidence and Implications of Recent Climate Change in Northern Alaska and Other Arctic Regions |
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Authors: | Larry D. Hinzman Neil D. Bettez W. Robert Bolton F. Stuart Chapin Mark B. Dyurgerov Chris L. Fastie Brad Griffith Robert D. Hollister Allen Hope Henry P. Huntington Anne M. Jensen Gensuo J. Jia Torre Jorgenson Douglas L. Kane David R. Klein Gary Kofinas Amanda H. Lynch Andrea H. Lloyd A. David McGuire Frederick E. Nelson Walter C. Oechel Thomas E. Osterkamp Charles H. Racine Vladimir E. Romanovsky Robert S. Stone Douglas A. Stow Matthew Sturm Craig E. Tweedie George L. Vourlitis Marilyn D. Walker Donald A. Walker Patrick J. Webber Jeffrey M. Welker Kevin S. Winker Kenji Yoshikawa |
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Affiliation: | 1. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Water and Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 755860, 437 Duckering Building, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775-5860 2. Marine Biological Laboratory, U.S.A. 3. University of Colorado, U.S.A. 4. Middlebury College, U.S.A. 12. US Geological Survey, U.S.A. 5. Michigan State University, U.S.A. 6. San Diego State University, U.S.A. 7. Huntington Consulting, U.S.A. 8. Ukpea?vik I?upiat Corporation, U.S.A. 9. Colorado State University, U.S.A. 10. Alaska Biological Research, U.S.A. 11. Monash University, Australia 13. University of Delaware, U.S.A. 14. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, U.S.A. 15. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.A. 16. California State University, San Marcos, U.S.A. 17. US Forest Service, U.S.A. 18. University of Alaska Anchorage, U.S.A.
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Abstract: | The Arctic climate is changing. Permafrost is warming, hydrological processes are changing and biological and social systems are also evolving in response to these changing conditions. Knowing how the structure and function of arctic terrestrial ecosystems are responding to recent and persistent climate change is paramount to understanding the future state of the Earth system and how humans will need to adapt. Our holistic review presents a broad array of evidence that illustrates convincingly; the Arctic is undergoing a system-wide response to an altered climatic state. New extreme and seasonal surface climatic conditions are being experienced, a range of biophysical states and processes influenced by the threshold and phase change of freezing point are being altered, hydrological and biogeochemical cycles are shifting, and more regularly human sub-systems are being affected. Importantly, the patterns, magnitude and mechanisms of change have sometimes been unpredictable or difficult to isolate due to compounding factors. In almost every discipline represented, we show how the biocomplexity of the Arctic system has highlighted and challenged a paucity of integrated scientific knowledge, the lack of sustained observational and experimental time series, and the technical and logistic constraints of researching the Arctic environment. This study supports ongoing efforts to strengthen the interdisciplinarity of arctic system science and improve the coupling of large scale experimental manipulation with sustained time series observations by incorporating and integrating novel technologies, remote sensing and modeling. |
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