旅游生态足迹模型及黄山市实证分析

基于生态足迹的理论与方法，旅游者的生态消费及结构特征，提出旅游生态足迹的概念，构建了旅游交通、住宿、餐饮、购物、娱乐、游览等6个旅游生态足迹计算子模型。并以黄山市为例，计算并分析了2002年黄山市游客的旅游生态足迹及其效率。结果表明：(1) 黄山市游客的人均旅游生态足迹为0.106 hm²；(2) 黄山市人均生态赤字达0.219 hm²，其中旅游生态足迹的生态赤字“贡献”为48.40%；(3) 黄山市游客的人均旅游生态足迹年度转化值为12.36 hm²，是当地居民年人均生态足迹的9倍；(4) 黄山市单位旅游生态足迹产值为684美元/hm²，是黄山市单位本底生态足迹产值的1.17倍，但仅为全球平均水平的61.84%；(5) 黄山市单位旅游游览、购物、住宿生态足迹产值高，而旅游交通、餐饮的单位生态足迹产值较低；(6) 旅游生态足迹的区际转移导致旅游生态责任的区际转移与生态影响的区际扩散，旅游业发展具有全球性生态影响的特征。最后指出了影响旅游生态足迹大小的关键因子，旅游生态足迹计算中存在的问题以及在旅游可持续发展研究中的应用前景。

Touristic Ecological Footprint Model and Analysis of Huangshan City in 2002

Based on the theory and method of ecological footprint, combined with the ecological consumption and its structural character of tourist, the paper, taking the Huangshan City as an example, calculates and analyses the touristic ecological footprint and its efficiency of Huangshan City in 2002. Six characteristics have been summarized: (1) The touristic ecological footprint of Huangshan City is 0.106 hm2 per capita in 2002. In comparison, the fossil energy land is about 88.23% of this footprint, tourist transportation and food are the main constitutes of the total footprint, about 55.67% and 33.90%. (2) The ecological deficit of Huangshan City is 0.219 hm2 per capita in 2002. About 48.40% of the ecological deficit is a result of touristic ecological footprint. (3) Extrapolating the footprint of a tourist to Huangshan City (3.13 days) to 1 year, results in an area of 12.36 hm2 per capita in 2002, almost 9 times that of the average footprints of citizens of Huangshan City. (4) In Huangshan City, the average tourist output of 1 hm2 ecological footprint is US$684, 1.17 times the average output of the Huangshan City' citizens ecological footprint, 61.84% that of the world. (5) Dimensions of tourist flows, tourist consumption level and model, tourist spatial behavior, the policy and stratagem of the tourist destination are the key factors to affect the size of touristic ecological footprint. (6) The shift of TEF among regions will result in shift and diffusibility of tourist ecological responsibility, ecological influence and ecological stress among regions in the world, and tourism development may have profound impacts on global environments.