Bridging organizations in agricultural carbon markets and poverty alleviation: An analysis of pro-Poor carbon market projects in East Africa |
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| Institution: | 1. Environmental Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, USA;2. Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;3. Gund Institute for Ecological Economics, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA;1. Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain;2. Department of Methods and Models for Economics, Territory and Finance (MEMOTEF), Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Rome, Italy;3. Department of Economics & Economic History, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain;1. Technische Universität München, Department of Agriculture and Food Economics, Alte Akademie 12, 85354 Freising, Germany;2. Technische Universität München, Department of Governance in International Agribusiness, Alte Akademie 12, 85354 Freising, Germany;3. Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO), Theodor-Lieser-Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;1. Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark;2. Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth & Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;3. Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, PO BOX 47, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands;1. W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, 49060, United States;2. Dept. of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States;3. CIMMYT, Int. Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600, Mexico, DF., Mexico;4. CiBO Technologies,155 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, United States |
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| Abstract: | International agricultural carbon market projects face significant challenges in delivering greenhouse gas mitigation objectives whilst also seeking to provide additional benefits for poverty alleviation. The carbon credit producer (the smallholder farmer) and carbon credit buyer in the carbon market transaction typically operate at different spatial and temporal scales. Buyers operate at a global scale, responding to opportunities for financial speculation and both private and public climate action plans. Farmers operate within households, farms, and immediate agricultural landscapes, pursuing livelihood and food security needs. These different scales often result in mismatches of timing, payment, and knowledge in market transactions and can be partially rectified by project developers who serve to broker the relationship between the farmers and the buyers. We examined eight East African agricultural carbon market projects to determine how project developers function as bridging organizations and minimize the mismatches between these actors. Results show that projects better bridged the timing and payment gap between buyers and producers when project developers provided non-monetary benefits or direct monetary assistance to farmers. However, knowledge gaps remained a significant barrier for farmers wishing to participate in the market. We discuss how project developers brokered relationships in ways that reflected their interests and highlight the limitations, trade-offs, and challenges that must be overcome if win-win outcomes of poverty alleviation and climate change mitigation are to be realized. |
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| Keywords: | Carbon markets Smallholder farmers Bridging organizations Scale Mitigation Agriculture |
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