Smithian and Spathian (Early Triassic) ammonoid assemblages from terranes: Paleoceanographic and paleogeographic implications |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;2. Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, C/Catedràtic José Beltrán Martínez, 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain;3. Chengdu Center of China Geological Survey, Chengdu 610081, China;4. State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy (Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS), Nanjing 210008, China;5. University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom;6. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;7. Deakin University, Geelong, School of Life and Environmental Sciences & Centre for Integrative Ecology (Burwood Campus), 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia;8. Wuhan Center of China Geological Survey, Wuhan 430205, China;1. Earth and Environmental Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, rue des Maraîchers 13, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland;2. Institute and Museum of Paleontology, University of Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland;3. Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, N-0318, Norway;4. Guangxi Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Jiangzheng Road 1, 530023 Nanning, China;5. Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France;6. Holcim Technology Ltd, Geological Investigations, CH-5113 Holderbank, Switzerland;1. Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;2. College of Earth Science, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, PR China;3. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China;4. Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;5. Institute for Paleontology, Vienna University, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria;6. Institute of Earth Sciences, Graz University, Heinrichstrasse 26, 8020 Graz, Austria;7. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China |
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| Abstract: | Early Triassic paleobiogeography is characterised by the stable supercontinental assembly of Pangea. However, at that time, several terranes such as the South Kitakami Massif (SK), South Primorye (SP) and Chulitna (respectively, and presently located in Japan, eastern Russia and Alaska) straddled the vast oceans surrounding Pangea. By means of quantitative biogeographical methods including Cluster Analysis, Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling and Bootstrapped Spanning Network applied to Smithian and Spathian (Early Triassic) ammonoid assemblages; we analyze similarity relationships between faunas and suggest paleopositions for the above-cited terranes.Taxonomic similarities between faunas indicate that primary drivers of the ammonoid distribution were Sea Surface Temperature and currents. Possible connections due to current-controlled faunal exchanges between both sides of the Panthalassa are shown and terranes such as SK, SP and Chulitna played an important role as stepping stones in the dispersal of ammonoids. SK and SP terranes show strong sub-equatorial affinities during the Smithian, thus suggesting a location close to South China. At the same time, the Chulitna terrane shows strong affinities with equatorial faunas of the eastern Panthalassa. This paleoceanographic pattern was markedly altered during the Spathian, possibly indicating significant modifications of oceanic circulation at that time, as illustrated by the development of a marked intertropical faunal belt across Tethys and Panthalassa. |
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