Seismic and structural characterization of fluid escape pipes using 3D and partial stack seismic from the Loyal Field (Scotland,UK): A multiphase and repeated intrusive mechanism |
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| Institution: | 1. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Via S. Maria 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy;2. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy;3. Geology and Petroleum Geology Department, University of Aberdeen, King''s College, Aberdeen AB24 3DS, United Kingdom;4. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IGG, UOS Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy;1. Statoil, Sandsliveien 90, Bergen NO-5020, Norway;2. Statoil, Svanholmen 8, Sandnes NO-4313, Norway;3. Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Norway;1. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3AN, United Kingdom;2. University of Texas at Austin, Jackson School of Geosciences, 2305 Speedway Stop, C1160, Austin, TX, 78712-1692, USA;3. OMV New Zealand Ltd, 100 Willis Street, Wellington, 6011, New Zealand;4. Shell Exploration & Production Company, 150 North Dairy Ashford, Houston, TX 77079, USA;5. Shell International Global Solution, Rijswijk, the Netherlands;1. Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;2. College of Marine Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;3. 3D Seismic Lab, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom;4. CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;5. Institute of Geosciences, University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany;6. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development - Northwest (NWGI), Petrochina, Lanzhou 730020, China |
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| Abstract: | The potential for fluid leakage from sub-surface reservoirs has important implications for CO2 storage, hydrocarbon reservoirs and water resources. Understanding the genesis, morphology, fluid flow mechanisms and extent of fluid escape from reservoirs allows for better risking of geological resources and storage potential. Here we describe in detail the structures of fluid escape pipes from the Loyal Field, observed from a 3D full and partial stack seismic dataset. The seismic imagery suggests that the fluid escape pipes are rooted at least in the main Paleocene reservoir and by-pass the reservoir seal to cross the post Lista Formation overburden up to the intra-Neogene units. The pipes extend for a few hundred meters to a few kilometres and show varying shape and structure from blow-out structures to incipient mud volcanoes. A detailed analysis of the seismic characteristics observed both from main baseline and partial stack data allows a division of the pipes into two families: (1) seeps and pipes following structural discontinuities and (2) pipes unrelated to the pre-existing structural features. The pipes internal seismic response, the reflector termination of the main conduits and the distribution of stacked bright reflectors suggest an upward migration mechanism (during pipe birth and development), requiring a cyclic switching from non-Darcy hydrofracturing (during overpressure) to Darcy flow lateral migration (during low-pressure stage). |
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| Keywords: | Fluid escape pipe Mud intrusion Fluid leakage 3D seismic Loyal field North Sea |
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