Successful local marine conservation requires appropriate educational methods and adequate enforcement |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth PO4 9LY, UK;2. Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK;3. Department of Geography, University of Portsmouth, Buckingham Building, Lion Terrace, Portsmouth PO1 3HE, UK;4. Gardline, Endeavour House, Admiralty Road, Great Yarmouth, Norfolk NR30 3NG, UK;1. Department of Geography, University College London, Pearson Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK;2. Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;1. Blue Ventures Conservation, Omnibus Business Centre, 39-41 North Road, London N7 9DP, UK;2. Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK;1. Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;2. National Marine Science Centre and Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry Research, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 4321, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia;1. Department of Natural Resources, 310 Fernow Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14583, United States;2. World Wildlife Fund, 1250 24th St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20037, United States |
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| Abstract: | MPAs and stakeholder education are marine conservation cornerstones, but data to assess adherence to regulations and the success of educational methods are missing. Local MPAs have been established to protect inter-tidal mudflats and shore users from bait collection which is a contentious worldwide issue. Video cameras monitored activity and confirmed if collectors adhered to the rules at three UK sites with different MPA systems. An educational approach (a voluntary code leaflet) was also assessed through stakeholder discussion and observation. Fareham Creek and Dell Quay supported a considerable number of collectors with none observed at Pagham Harbour. At Fareham Creek bait dug areas were evident in discrete patches in unprotected and protected areas, but observed collectors mainly used the latter. The failure to exclude collectors is due to the lack of enforcement. At Dell Quay virtually all dug areas were outside protected areas and was confirmed by the camera footage. Success is attributed to regular on-the-ground ‘unofficial’ enforcement by the managing NGO. Of the retailers, 75% had heard of the code and the majority stated they followed it. However, none of the 26 collectors observed followed a key rule (e.g. backfilling holes). Local marine conservation is relatively cheap and can be effective, but only if: management matches the actual pressure; scientific evaluation for all components (including education) is integrated from the beginning; adequate site enforcement is included; education methods are active, two-way and sustained. |
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| Keywords: | Marine protected area MPA Education Polychaete Bait collection |
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