Heat flow during the carboniferous and mesozoic of the Northwest German Basin |
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Authors: | Dr Ulrich Ritter |
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Institution: | (1) Institute for Petroleum and Organic Geochemistry, KFA-Jülich, D-517 Jülich;(2) Present address: Continental Shelf and Petroleum Technology Research Institute (IKU), Box 1883, Trondheim, Norway |
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Abstract: | The temperature history of the Northwest German Basin has been reconstructed using a one-dimensional computer model that accounts for compaction-related changes of physical rock properties, depth, temperature and maturity of organic matter. Maturity has been modelled by empirically relating vitrinite reflectance to time-temperature history. Heat flow values for the Mesozoic and Carboniferous have been obtained by matching measured and computed vitrinite reflectance. For Mesozoic samples agreement between measured and computed maturity can be achieved with a heat flow between 37 and 50 mW/m2 (0.9 and 1.2 hfu). There is no systematic areal variation. Carboniferous samples are matched best at heat flows between 70 and 96 mW/m2 (1.7 and 2.3 hfu), corresponding to geothermal gradients between 50 and 80 °C/km depending on lithology and compaction. Areal variation follows patterns subparallel to the structural grain of the Variscan orogeny. Mesozoic heat flow is compatible with heat flow in stable platform areas. Carboniferous heat flow and its geotectonic setting are best in agreement with present-day back-arc areas underlain by continental crust.
Zusammenfassung Die Temperaturgeschichte des Nordwestdeutschen Bekkens wurde mittels eines eindimensionalen Computermodells rekonstruiert, das auch kompaktionsbezogenen Änderungen der physikalischen Gesteinseigenschaften, der Tiefe und der Temperatur gerecht wird. Die Reife wurde simuliert, indem Vitrinitreflexion und Zeit-Temperatur Verlauf empirisch miteinander korelliert wurden. Die Wärmeflußwerte für das Karbon und das Mesozoikum wurden dadurch ermittelt, daß gemessene und berechnete Vitrinitreflexion in optimale Übereinstimmung gebracht wurden. Für das Mesozoikum kann eine Übereinstimmung bei Wärmeflußwerten zwischen 37 und 50 mW/m2 (0.9 und 1,2 hfu), für das Karbon für Werte zwischen 70 und 96 mW/m2 (1.7 und 2.3 hfu) erzielt werden, was je nach Lithologie und Kompaktionszustand einem Geothermalgradienten zwischen 50 und 80 °C/km entspricht. Nur für die karbonischen Daten ist eine systematische räumliche Änderung der Werte erkennbar. Der Wärmefluß im Mesozoikum entspricht dem in heutigen stabilen Plattformgebieten. Wärmefluß und geotektonische Position im Karbon sind vergleichbar mit solchen heutigen »back-arc« Gebieten, die von kontinentaler Kruste unterlagert sind.
Résumé L'histoire thermique du bassin allemand nord-occidental a été simulée sur ordinateur au moyen d'un modéle unidimensionnel; ce modèle tient compte des changements introduits par la compaction dans les propriétés physiques de roches, de la profondeur, de la température et de l'évolution de la matière organique. Pour modéliser cette évolution, on a établi une corrélation entre la réflectance de la vitrinite et l'histoire thermique. Les valeurs du flux de chaleur pour le Mésozoïque et le Carbonifère ont été obtenues par ajustement entre la réflectance de la vitrinite observée et calculée. Pour les échantillons mésozoïques, les valeurs calculées et mesurées s'accordent le mieux pour un flux compris entre 37 et 50 mW/m2 (0.9 et 1,2 HFU). Il n'y a pas de variation régionale systématique. Pour le Carbonifère, le meilleur accord donne un flux siuté entre 70 et 96 mW/m2 (1,7 et 2,3 HFU), ce qui correspond à des gradients géothermiques de 50 et 80 °C/Km, selon la lithologie et le degré de compaction. Il existe dans le Carbonifère, des variations régionales, qui parallélisent les lignes structurales de l'orogène varisque. Le flux de chaleur mésozoïque est compatible avec une situation de plate-forme stable. Le flux de chaleur carbonifère et sa répartition géotectonique fait plutôt penser, dans la nature actuelle, aux régions d'arrière-arc sur croûte continentale.
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![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![vcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1074.gif) ![vcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) . ![Tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1058.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ucy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1091.gif) ![gcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1084.gif) ![zcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![jcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1081.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yacy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1103.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1101.gif) ![kcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1082.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1099.gif) ![dcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1099.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zhcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1078.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) . ![Dcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1044.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![mcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1079.gif) ![jcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1081.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1075.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1101.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1095.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yacy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1103.gif) ![yucy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1102.gif) 37–50 mW/m2 (0,9 i 1,2 hfu), ![dcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1076.gif) ![kcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ucy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1091.gif) ![gcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1075.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1076.gif) — 70–96 mW/m2 (1,7 2,3 hfu), ![chcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1095.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) — ![zcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1075.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ucy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1091.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) — ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ucy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1091.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1076.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1091.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) 50 ![dcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1076.gif) 80° /![kcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1082.gif) . ![Pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1055.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1074.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1099.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1079.gif) ![mcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1075.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1100.gif) ![kcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1082.gif) ![dcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1076.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![kcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ucy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1091.gif) ![gcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1076.gif) , ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1082.gif) ![mcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ucy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1091.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1084.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![bcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1073.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![fcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1092.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) . ![Pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1055.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![kcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ucy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1091.gif) ![gcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1076.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1073.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1089.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![yacy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1103.gif) ![shcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1096.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1075.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ycy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1099.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1099.gif) ![dcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ucy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1091.gif) ( back-arc ), ![zcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1075.gif) ![acy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1102.gif) ![shchcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1097.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1084.gif) ![tcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/gx7245752873322k/xxlarge1086.gif) .
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