Geological calibration of spallation production rates in the CRONUS-Earth project |
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| Institution: | 1. New Mexico Tech, Department of Mathematics, Socorro, NM 87801, USA;2. University of Edinburgh, School of Geosciences, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK;3. Berkeley Geochronology Center, 2455 Ridge Road, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA;4. Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;5. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA;6. Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;7. Department of Earth and Environmental Science, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM 87801, USA;8. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA;9. Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;10. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA;1. Earth & Environmental Science Department, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM 87801, USA;2. Earth & Space Sciences Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;3. Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS-IRD-Collège de France, UM 34 CEREGE, Technopôle de l''Environnement Arbois-Méditerranée, BP80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France;4. Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1396, USA;5. Department of Geosciences, University Cologne, 50939 Cologne, Germany;6. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA;7. Department of Earth Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada;8. Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;9. NSF Arizona AMS Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;10. Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA;11. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;12. School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Geography Building, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK;13. Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7450, USA;14. Planetary Science Institute, 1700 E Fort Lowell, Suite 106, Tucson, AZ 85719-2395, USA;1. Department of Geology and Rubenstein School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA;2. Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK;3. Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA;1. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden;2. Earth and Environmental Sciences Institute, Pennsylvania State University, USA;3. Geomorphology and Glaciology, Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Sweden;4. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, USA;1. Geomorphology and Glaciology, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;2. Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;3. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA;4. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue Rare Isotope Measurement Laboratory (PRIME Lab), Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA;5. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;6. Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia;7. MARUM, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany;8. German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany;9. Central Asian Institute of Applied Geosciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan;1. Geomorphology and Glaciology, Department of Physical Geography, and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;2. School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK;3. Department of Geology, Quaternary Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden;4. Department of Physics and Astronomy/Purdue Rare Isotope Measurement Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA;5. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA;6. Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim, Norway;1. Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques, CRPG, UMR 7358, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France;2. Berkeley Geochronological Center, BGC, Berkeley, CA, USA;3. Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland;4. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA |
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| Abstract: | Models of the production of cosmogenic nuclides typically incorporate an adjustable production rate parameter that is scaled for variations in production with latitude and altitude. In practice, this production rate parameter is set by calibration of the model using cosmogenic nuclide data from sites with independent age constraints. In this paper, we describe a calibration procedure developed during the Cosmic-Ray Produced Nuclide Systematics on Earth (CRONUS-Earth) project and its application to an extensive data set that included both new CRONUS-Earth samples and samples from previously published studies. We considered seven frameworks for elevation and latitude scaling and five commonly used cosmogenic nuclides, 3He, 10Be, 14C, 26Al, and 36Cl. In general, the results show that the calibrated production rates fail statistical tests of goodness-of-fit. One conclusion from the calibration results is that two newly developed scaling frameworks and the widely used Lal scaling framework provide qualitatively similar fits to the data, while neutron-monitor based scaling frameworks have much poorer fit to the data. To further test the fitted models, we computed site ages for a number of secondary sites not included in the primary calibration data set. The root-mean-square percent differences between the median computed ages for these secondary sites and independent ages range from 7.1% to 27.1%, differences that are much larger than the typical uncertainties in the site ages. The results indicate that there are substantial unresolved difficulties in modeling cosmogenic nuclide production and the calibration of production rates. |
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| Keywords: | Cosmogenic nuclide Production rate Calibration Beryllium-10 Aluminum-26 Carbon-14 Helium-3 Chlorine-36 |
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