福建漳江口湿地人类活动状况调查

福建漳江口红树林国家级自然保护区湿地是周边居民进行生产活动的重要场所,为当地居民提供了丰富的海产品资源。同时,当地居民在湿地上从事的各种生产活动对湿地的理化性质及生物多样性产生了重要的影响。为了了解保护区湿地上人类活动规律,运用走访调查和定时、定点调查的方法,对湿地上人类活动规律进行了调查。结果显示:保护区内湿地上的人类活动可以划分为红树林下捡拾海产品活动类型、夫妻船讨小海活动类型、公有河道捡拾海产品活动类型和滩涂养殖活动类型4种。其中第4种类型在1 a周期中又可以划分为除草、整地、施药消毒、再整地和养殖收获5个阶段。夫妻船讨小海人类活动的人数最多时为80人/d,最少时为16人/d,平均为50.4人/d;密度最大为7.5人/km2,最小为1.5人/km2,平均为4.8人/km2。公有河道捡拾海产品活动的人数最多时为62人/d,一般情况下较少,从几人到几十人不等,2005年12月中旬至2006年的4月初,该类活动基本停止,之后呈逐渐增加趋势。滩涂养殖的再整地阶段,人类活动的人数约为70人/d,密度为10人/km2;2005年10月下旬以后的蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)苗养殖阶段,人类活动的人数约为60人/d,平均密度约为10人/km2;整个11月份期间,与养殖有关的人类活动基本停止,养殖户在自家承包的滩涂上进行一些捡拾海产品的活动,但人数较少,最多时为55人/d,一般为10多人/d,密度为10~20人/km2;进入12月份后的收获季节,人类在滩涂上活动的人数及其密度急剧增加,为100多人/d到500多人/d不等,平均密度为44人/km2。在收获季节,人类活动的人数及其密度与有无商人收购蛏产品以及蛏的生长情况有关。总的来看,保护区湿地上人类活动可划分为3个阶段:第1阶段从2005年10月中旬至11月底;第2阶段始于12月初,止于2006年1月底;第3阶段为2006年2月初至4月底。第1阶段人类活动的人数平均为128人/d,平均密度为7.4人/km2;第2阶段分别为208人/d和12.0人/km2;第3阶段分别为358人/d和20.7人/km2。依据本次调查结果,建议采取如下对策:第一,适当限制夫妻船讨小海及公有河道捡拾海产品的船只数量,使其尽量保持在现有水平;第二,研究和探讨滩涂养殖过程中农药消毒的替代方法,尽量不用或少用农药;第三,保护区应特别加强滩涂养殖及收获阶段人类活动的管理,建议保护区尽可能地引导养殖户采取分片收获的方式来减少同一时段内滩涂上人类活动的人数及其密度。

Investigation on Human Activities Condition in Wetlands of the Zhangjiang River Estuary, Fujian Province

The wetlands in Fujian Zhangjiangkou National Nature Reserve of Mangrove are very important for wetland aquaculture for the local habitants because they provide rich seafood.At the same time,the human activities greatly affect their physical and chemical characters and biodiversity. In order to learn the rule,type,character,quantity,and density of human activities on the wetlands,human activities were investigated with the methods of visiting investigation.The results showed that human activities were classified into 4 types.They were picking seafood under mangrove,collecting seafood by couple in a boat,collecting seafood in both sides of public watercourse,and mudflat aquaculture respectively.And the mudflat aquaculture was divided into 4 phases: weed,mudflat preparation,killing zoo benthos with chemical,second time mudflat preparation,and culture and harvest.The maximal of human number for collecting seafood by couple in a boat was 80 person/d,the minimum was 16 person/d,and the average was 50.4 person/d;the maximal density was 7.5 person/km~(2),the minimum density was 1.5 person/km~(2),and the average density was 4.8 person/km~(2).Usually,the human number of collecting seafood in both sides of public watercourse was very small,the maximum was 62 person/d,there were no any people from the middle of December to April of next year,and after that, the human number increased gradually.In the phase of second mudflat preparation,the average human number of the mudflat aquaculture was about 70 person/d,and average density was 10 person/km~(2);in the phase of culture and harvest,the number was about 60 person/d,and average density was 10 person/km~(2);there was no any human activities which were relevant with mudflat aquaculture in November,however,there was still some people to pick seafood on mudflat,the maximal was 55 person/d,usually was more than 10 person/d,and the density of human number was(10~)20(person/km~(2));after December,human number increased rapidly,it was from more than 100 person/d to more than 500(person/d),and the average was 44 person/d;during the harvest phase,the number and density of human activities was highly correlated with the growing status of razor clam and if there were buyers or not.During the investigation,the human activities in the whole Reserve could be divided into 3 phases: the first phase was from the middle of October to the end of November,the second phase was from the beginning of December to the end of January of next year,and the third phase was from the beginning of February to the end of April.The averages of human number and its density were 128 person/d and 7.4 person/km~(2) in the first phase,208 person/d and 12.0 person/km~(2) in the second phase,and 358 person/d and 20.7 person/km~(2) in the third phase respectively.According to the investigation results,several countermeasures were advised.First,to keep the boats for collecting seafood by couple and in both sides of public watercourse under the present level;second,to study substituting methods for killing zoo benthos with chemical in order to keep the biodiversity in mudflat;third,to manage scientifically the human activities on mudflat,especially in culture and harvest phase,and lead the local people to harvest the seafood by block to block in order to reduce the human number and density on mudflat at the same period.