长江三峡地区汉代以来人类文明的兴衰与生态环境变迁

巫山张家湾遗址考古发掘结果表明,研究区汉代曾有较发达的农业及手工业活动。陶窑和废铁渣、废陶坯及大量陶片、汉代砖瓦的发现充分表明当时的手工业活动已具相当的规模。铁锸等铁制农具及猪、马等家畜骨头的发现表明农业已相当发达。孢粉分析表明当时植被主要以草本植物为主,木本植物较少,地面植被呈退化趋势,生态环境恶化。地面植被的减少导致地表侵蚀的增强,大量碎屑物质从赵家坡山上冲刷下来,破坏了当时人类赖以生存的环境,人们被迫迁徙。该文研究结果还表明,在利用孢粉分析的手段恢复古环境演变时应考虑到人类活动的影响,须与其它指标相互印证,才能得出合理的结果

RISE AND FALL OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION AND ECO-ENVIRONMENT EVOLUTION AT THREE GORGES OF THE YANGTZE RIVER

There once occurred relatively developed agriculture and handicraft industry in the study region during Han Dynasty. This judgement is supported by the fact that a large amount of scoria, waste fictile modes, broken ceramics, brick and tile pieces and abandoned kilns as well as dead stocks such as iron spades and bones of domestic animals such as horses and pigs were unearthed at the Zhangjiawan Site. On the other hand, pollen analyses indicate that in that time herbage plants were dominant in the study region and woody plants were relatively fewer, showing a degradation trend of both vegetation and eco-environment. It seems that human settlement as well as relatively developed agricultural and handicraft activities would destroy weak vegetation and restricted native woody cover there, result in strong ground surface erosion, and deteriorate the human settlement environment. Finally the residents had to move out, and then human civilization traces lain hidden in the earth. It should be noted, however, that application of pollen analyses to climate reconstruction could produce equivocal climatic interpretations because of human settlement and living activities. Especially anthropogenic vegetation can bring about mimic climate-induced floral shifts. Therefore, other aspects of climate evidence are necessary, too.$$$$