Costly stakeholder participation creates inertia in marine ecosystems |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Economics & UHERO, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA;2. National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, 735 State St. Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA;3. Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA;4. Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot SL57PY, UK;5. Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden;6. School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA;7. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 100 Shaffer Rd., University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA;8. School of Resource & Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada;9. Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA;10. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA;1. Blue Ventures Conservation, Level 2 Annex, Omnibus Business Centre, 39-41 North Road, London N7 9DP, UK;2. Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK;3. Independent Researcher, Devon, UK;1. School of Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Queensland, Australia;2. Marine Institute, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon, UK;1. University of Gdansk, Faculty of Management, Department of Econometrics, ul. Armii Krajowej 101, 81-824 Sopot, Poland;2. Maritime Institute in Gdansk, Poland;3. Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland;4. National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Poland;5. University of Gdansk, Faculty of Economics, Poland;1. Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK;2. University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK |
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| Abstract: | Ecosystems often shift abruptly and dramatically between different regimes in response to human or natural disturbances. When ecosystems tip from one regime to another, the suite of available ecosystem benefits changes, impacting the stakeholders who rely on these benefits. These changes often create some groups who stand to incur large losses if an ecosystem returns to a previous regime. When the participation cost in the decision-making process is extremely high, this can “lock in” ecosystem regimes, making it harder for policy and management to shift ecosystems out of what the majority of society views as the undesirable regime. Public stakeholder meetings often have high costs of participation, thus economic theory predicts they will be dominated by extreme views and often lead to decisions that do not represent the majority viewpoint. Such extreme viewpoints can create strong inertia even when there is broad consensus to manage an ecosystem towards a different regime. In the same manner that reinforcing ecological feedback loops make it harder to exit an ecosystem regime, there are decision-making feedback loops that contribute additional inertia. |
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| Keywords: | Tipping points Hysteresis Regime shifts Stakeholder participation Critical transition Non-linear Threshold Restoration ecology Stakeholder engagement |
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