From ad hoc towards the institutionalisation: An assessment of Malaysia's policy evolution on Antarctica and the Southern Ocean |
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| Affiliation: | 1. National Higher Education Research Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia;2. School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia;3. Centre for Global Sustainability Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia;4. School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia;1. Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Geoinformation & Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia;2. Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia;1. Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5015, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands;2. Port of Rotterdam, P.O. Box 6622, 3002 AP Rotterdam, The Netherlands;1. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy;2. Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy;3. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel;4. Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy;5. Department of Agriculture, University of Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy;1. Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand;2. Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Australia;3. Constantia Consulting, New Zealand;4. School of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand |
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| Abstract: | Malaysia's policy on Antarctica and the Southern Ocean (A&SO) in the last three decades has evolved from being focused on diplomatic engagement to pioneering science in cooperation with the international community and strengthening science diplomacy by becoming a member of the international governance of Antarctic. Through process-oriented evaluation, the aim of this study is to map out the development of Malaysia's policy on the Antarctic region (from 1982 to 2016) and consequently, identify the current capacities and future needs to strengthen its involvement. This study reveals that Malaysia's policy on A&SO has strong integration in foreign affairs, science and technology (S&T), and the environment, and the involvements are parallel with the national development plan. To move forward, Malaysia is currently establishing a suitable governance structure and a long-term management plan to ensure a long-term political commitment, sustain investment of resources and strengthen the dynamic participation of stakeholders. This study advances the scholarly understanding of the political processes and challenges to Malaysia's Antarctic policy development, in its journey towards institutionalisation which will create distinctive and valuable positions for Malaysia to contribute to current debates on the future of the Antarctic region. In the context of ad-hoc decision on certain policy, this case study will contribute relevant information about the development process, issues and challenges on policy through ad-hoc implementation. |
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| Keywords: | Programme evaluation Polar region Policy National Antarctic programme Institutional |
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