Biogeographical provincialism and biomigratory barriers during the Permo-Carboniferous in China

The territory of China is divided into three biogeographic provinces-South, Middle and North—mainly on the basis of the Permo-Carboniferous macrofossils, such as the land floras and the marine invertebrates (fusulinids, brachiopods, and corals). The biotas of these provinces were both isolated and interconnected. The distribution pattern permits certain conclusions on the palaeoclimate. The possible forms of the isolators and barriers in biomigration are briefly discussed.