材料科学和地质学的发展及前景(英文)

材料科学可定义为一门涉及化学、物理学、矿物学、地质学、冶金学和合成材料等领域的科学。“工具制造者的人类” ,主要是使用石器 ,并由此而增进了其智能的发育。燧石、石灰岩中氧化硅富集体提供了制作武器和工具的材料 ,土壤则可用于制陶业和陶瓷业。材料科学主要是由研究工业矿物演化而来 ,它与地质学的关系密切 ;合成材料以其特殊的性能满足了人们的需求。火和压力在处理天然材料的工艺发展中起着头等作用 ;金银铜铁及其它金属能用作装饰品、防御武器和制造工具。有些金属的使用显示了人类各历史时期的特点。人们后来发现某些结晶体具有特殊的性质 ,如石英的压电性、红宝石激光 ,钻石和刚玉的高硬度 (可用作磨料 ,将来仍具开发潜力 )。合成材料和在太空合成的材料具有远大前景 (如碳的同素异形体carbyne car bynoid)。在材料科学中 ,特种玻璃 ,硬而防火的陶瓷、磨料、特殊耐火材料 ,只不过是材料科学中业已开发的几种工艺矿物而已。材料科学的发展对于现代文明和解决人类当今和未来所遇到的各种问题都极其重要。与世界人口增长相关的问题 ,可以通过科学、绿色革命和生物技术 ,以及一切天然资源的合理开发来解决 ,这将有助于避免“南北对抗”。肯定地说 ,材料科学及其未来的发展 ,会有助于人类去应付

DEVELOPMENTS AND PROSPECTIVES OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND GEOLOGY

Materials Science is defined to be a field of certain aspects of chemistry,physics,mineralogy,geology,metallurgy and synthetic materials..“Man the Tool\|maker" mainly used stones which in turn helped increase his mental development.Flint,silica concentrations from limestones gave him the material for making weapons and tools and soils for making pottery and ceramics.Materials Science evolved mainly from industrial minerals and their relation to geology is fundamental and synthetic materials were produced with special properties to satisfy requirements.Fire and pressure played a fundamental role in the development of technologies of treating natural materials.Gold,Silver,Copper,Iron and other metals have been used for ornamentation,defence and tool\|making;and some metals characterized historical periods.Man eventually discovered that certain crystals had special properties,such as quartz piezoelectricity,rubies laser rays,and diamonds and corundum due to their hardness,used as abrasives and great potentialities opened for the future.Synthetic materials and materials synthesised under space conditions offer great potentialities in the future (e.g.carbyne\|carbynoids\|C allotrops).Among materials science,special glasses,hard and fire resistant ceramics,abrasives,refractories with special properties are only a few of materials that have been developed.The impact of industrial minerals and materials science is significant for the modern civilization and for encountering the current and future problems of mankind.Problems related to the increase of world population could be encountered by science,green revolution,biotechnology and development and rationalisation of all natural resources which would help avoid a north\|south confrontation.Certainly materials science and their future developments can contribute to the facing of some of the current and future problems which mankind will face.