从康雍乾垦殖政策看中国清前期垦荒发展趋势

垦荒作为一种农业生产活动,与国家政策密切相关。在以农业生产为主要经济活动的清代,这种关系尤为密切。因而详尽分析与合理把握有清一代垦殖政策的内涵与取向,是深入了解清代垦荒态势及特征的重要途径。本文通过对康雍乾三朝垦殖政策及措施的比较分析,阐述了我国清前期土地垦辟的历史过程及其时空特征。分析结果认为:康熙朝是以恢复因战乱而凋敝的农业生产为主要目的,雍正朝是处于从恢复农业生产向解决“人多地少”矛盾方向转化的过渡期,而乾隆朝则是以解决“穷民资生”问题为目的;它们反映在垦荒上,即表现为:康熙朝以恢复性垦殖为特征,雍正朝以恢复性垦殖向拓展性垦殖过渡为特征,乾隆朝则是以拓展性垦殖为特征。同时,它们在地域空间及垦殖强度上也表现出明显的差异。

An analysis of reclamation trend in the Early Qing Dynasty from the view point of Kangxi to Qianlong cultivation and reclamation policies

Being a kind of agricultural and productive action,cultivation and reclamation have closely correlated with certain governmental policies.In the Qing Dynasty,the agricultural technology was in a poor condition,and the importance of certain policies of cultivation and reclamation was even more distinctive.As a result,a thorough analysis and implementation of the cultivation policies at that time is a very important way to know the cultivation and reclamation in the Qing Dynasty.The cultivation and reclamation policies during Kangxi,Yongzheng and Qianlong periods in the Qing Dynasty were analyzed in this paper,and the spatial and temporal distributions of cultivation and reclamation during the early Qing Dynasty were also set forth.The characteristics of cultivation and reclamation during these periods were as follows.The Kangxi period was characterized by the resume of the past cultivation that was stopped during the war.The most important aspect of cultivation during the Yongzheng period was the transitional character that was transformed from the resume of past cultivation to the settlement of requiring more cultivated land due to the quick increase of population.And the most important task of cultivation for the government duing the Qianlong period was to solve the problems of increasing poor population.Various cultivated policies were reflected in the field of reclamation and cultivation at that time.During the Kangxi period,the cultivation was resumed,and the cultivation during Yongzheng period was marked by the transformation from the reclamation of wasted cultivated land to the cultivation of virgin soils in some areas.And the characteristics of cultivation during the Qianlong period were the clear representations of cultivation of virgin soils.In the meantime,the cultivation in the early Qing Dynasty was distributed spatially.