On the role of integral feedbacks in stochastic climate models

Using a stochastic approach with zero-dimensional energy-balance models, we consider the problem of periodic climate changes and the influence of integral feedbacks on climate oscillations. Based on the resulting linear integral–differential stochastic equation, we calculate the spectrum of fluctuations of average surface-air temperature and determine its statistical properties. We analyze the influence of proper cycles of inertial units and “slow” nonstationarity on the fluctuation spectrum.