Determination of the particle load based on detailed suspended sediment measurements at a hydropower plant |
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| Authors: | Anant Kumar Rai Arun Kumar |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Civil Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa;2. Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Multi-scale Modelling of Multiphase Processes, Johannes Kepler University, Austria;1. College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China;2. Kunming Engineering Corporation Limited, Kunming 650041, China;1. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 941 rue Charles Bourseul, BP 10838, 59508 Douai, France;2. Toulouse University, Mines Albi, CNRS, RAPSODEE Center, Campus Jarlard, F-81013 Albi cedex 09, France;3. SOLVAY SA, DCRT, rue de Ransbeek 310, B-1120 Bruxelles, Germany;4. PRAYON SA, rue J. Wauters, Engis, Belgium;1. Instituto de Mecánica de los Fluidos e Ingeniería Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de la República, J. Herrera y Reissig 565, CP 11300 Montevideo, Uruguay;2. Université Paris-Est, Laboratory for Hydraulics Saint-Venant (ENPC-EDF/R&D-CEREMA), 6 quai Watier, BP 49, 78401 Chatou Cedex, France;3. Electricity of France, R&D Department, 6 quai Watier, BP 49, 78401 Chatou Cedex, France;4. Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, FRE UTC-CNRS 3023, Roberval, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, CS 60 319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France;5. Cerema, Direction Technique Eau, Mer et Fleuves, 134 rue de Beauvais, CS 60039, 60280 Margny Lès Compiègne, France;6. Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre - Eau Terre Environnement, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, Canadá G1K 9A9;1. Deltares, Boussinesqweg 1, 2629 HV Delft, The Netherlands;2. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA;3. Ghent University, Technologiepark 68 905, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium;4. Leovanrijn-Sediment-Consultancy, Domineeswal 6, 8356 DS Blokzijl, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | Suspended sediment particles contained in inflows of water systems of hydropower plants (HPPs) cause hydro-abrasive erosion of the hydraulic turbines and structures leading to significant maintenance costs, efficiency reductions, and downtime. Relevant parameters such as suspended sediment concentration (SSC), particle size distribution (PSD), shape, and mineralogical composition were measured with an online multi-frequency acoustic instrument and based on manually taken samples from the end of the sand trap of the Toss HPP in the Himalayan region, India. In the laboratory, the samples were analyzed using the gravimetric method, laser diffraction, turbidity, dynamic digital image processing, scanning electron microscope, petrography analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The online instrument and the samples provided measurement results at a single point. To investigate vertical gradients in concentration and particle sizes, additional samples were collected 9 times at 7 relative water depths. The SSC, most particle sizes, and particle shape were found to be evenly distributed over depth except d90, i.e. the diameter which is not exceeded by 90% of the particle mass. d90 measured at 76% of the water depth was in the range of fine sand and was multiplied by 1.05 to obtain an average value representative for the entire depth. Improved methodologies to quantify both particle shape and size in an analytical model for hydro-abrasive erosion are proposed. Also, the PSD measuring performance of laser diffraction and dynamic imaging was studied and similar values of the median particle sizes were obtained from both instruments. Further, multi-frequency acoustic, turbidity and laser diffraction techniques were found suitable for SSC measurement at the test case HPP. |
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| Keywords: | Suspended sediment concentration Hydro-abrasive erosion Hydropower Particle size distribution Particle shape Mineralogical composition |
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