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Fishing‐induced evolution of growth: concepts,mechanisms and the empirical evidence
Authors:Katja Enberg  Christian Jørgensen  Erin S. Dunlop  Øystein Varpe  David S. Boukal  Loïc Baulier  Sigrunn Eliassen  Mikko Heino
Affiliation:1. Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway;2. Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway;3. Uni Research, Bergen, Norway;4. Present address: Aquatic Research and Development Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada;5. The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway;6. Present address: Norwegian Polar Institute, Troms?, Norway;7. Present address: Laboratory of Theoretical Ecology, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre AS CR, ?eské Budějovice, Czech Republic;8. Present address: Department of Fisheries Sciences and Technologies, Ifremer, Lorient, France;9. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
Abstract:The interest in fishing‐induced life‐history evolution has been growing in the last decade, in part because of the increasing number of studies suggesting evolutionary changes in life‐history traits, and the potential ecological and economic consequences these changes may have. Among the traits that could evolve in response to fishing, growth has lately received attention. However, critical reading of the literature on growth evolution in fish reveals conceptual confusion about the nature of ‘growth’ itself as an evolving trait, and about the different ways fishing can affect growth and size‐at‐age of fish, both on ecological and on evolutionary time‐scales. It is important to separate the advantages of being big and the costs of growing to a large size, particularly when studying life‐history evolution. In this review, we explore the selection pressures on growth and the resultant evolution of growth from a mechanistic viewpoint. We define important concepts and outline the processes that must be accounted for before observed phenotypic changes can be ascribed to growth evolution. When listing traits that could be traded‐off with growth rate, we group the mechanisms into those affecting resource acquisition and those governing resource allocation. We summarize potential effects of fishing on traits related to growth and discuss methods for detecting evolution of growth. We also challenge the prevailing expectation that fishing‐induced evolution should always lead to slower growth.
Keywords:Fisheries‐induced evolution  fishing‐induced evolution  growth  maturation  reproductive investment  resource acquisition  resource allocation  size‐at‐age  trade‐offs
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