Geochemical barriers: theory and practical applications |
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| Authors: | A.I. Perel'man |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Physics - Center for Science and Education, ul. Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;2. Institute of Geography and Regional Development, University of Wrocław, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland;1. Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocyte and Preantral follicles (LAMOFOPA), State University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil;2. Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;3. Laboratory of Wild Animal Biology and Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil;1. Direction de l''Archéologie, Service Public de Wallonie, 5100 Namur, Belgium;2. Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium;3. Department of Geology and Applied Geology, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium;4. Laboratoire Halma Ipel (UMR 8164), University Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve d''Ascq Cedex, France;5. Department of Geography, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-12A, 4000 Liège, Belgium;6. ArcheoGeolab, Pal Maleterstraat 42, 3573 PH Utrecht, The Netherlands;1. Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia;2. Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;3. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA;4. Department of Radiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;5. Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia;6. Department of Pathology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Geochemical barriers are zones in the Earth's crust with sharp physical or chemical gradients and they are often associated with concentrations of elements, sometimes to the extent of forming ore deposits. Four fundamental classes of geochemical barriers have been identified: (1) mechanical; (2) physico-chemical; (3) biochemical; (4) anthropogenic.Mechanical barriers are the simplest class and placer deposits are a good example. Physico-chemical barriers (the dominant class) are formed in zones characterized by sharp changes in the intensity of certain physico-chemical parameters of waters; tables of observed and predicted element associations have been prepared and these can be used to identify element concentrations which depend principally on the properties of waters. Biochemical barriers are specifically related to element concentrations brought about through reactions associated with life on Earth, for example, the accumulation of trace elements in effects are one variety. Although barriers consisting of combinations of several classes can occur, the main emphasis of this paper is on physico-chemical barriers with respect to ore deposits, soil geochemistry and groundwaters. |
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