Petroleum generation characteristics of heterogeneous source rock from Chia Gara formation in the Kurdistan region,northern Iraq as inferred by bulk and quantitative pyrolysis techniques |
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| Institution: | 1. Geology Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, 6803 Taiz, Yemen;2. Department of Geology, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;3. Department of Geology, School of Science, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq;1. Department of Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran;2. Department of Economic Geology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran;3. Department of Lithospheric Science, Geochronology Laboratory, University of Wien, Austria;4. Department of Geosciences, Geobiotec Research Unit, University of Aveiro, Portugal;1. Turkish Petroleum Corporation, Sogutozu Mah. 2180. Cad. No: 10, Sogutozu, Ankara, Turkey;2. Dokuz Eylul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, SeisLab, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey;3. Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Geophysical Engineering, Buca, Izmir, Turkey;1. Durgapur Government College, Durgapur 713 214, West Bengal, India;2. Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal, India;3. Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa |
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| Abstract: | This study is the ?rst attempt which provides information regarding the bulk and quantitative pyrolysis results of the Chia Gara Formation from the Kurdistan region, northern Iraq. Ten representative early-mature to mature samples from the Chia Gara Formation were investigated for TOC contents, Rock Eval pyrolysis, pyrolysis-GC and bulk kinetic parameters. These analyses were used to characterize the petroleum generated during thermal maturation of the Chia Gara source rock and to clarify the quantity of the organic matter and its effect on the timing of petroleum generation.Pyrolysis HI data identi?ed two organic facies with di?erent petroleum generation characteristics; Type II–III kerogen with HI values of >250 mg HC/g TOC, and Type III kerogen with HI values < 100 mg HC/g TOC. These types of kerogen can generate liquid HCs and gas. This is supported by the products of pyrolysis–gas chromatography (Py–GC) analysis of the extracted rock samples. Pyrolysis products show a dominance of a marine organic matter with variable contributions from terrestrial organic matter (Types II–III and III kerogen), and produces mainly paraf?nic-naphthenic-aromatic low wax oils with condensate and gas.Bulk kinetic analysis of the Chia Gara source rock indicates a heterogeneous organic matter assemblage, typical of restricted marine environments in general. The activation energy distributions reveal relatively broad and high values, ranging from 40 to 64 kcal/mol with pre-exponential factors varying from 2.2835 E+12/sec to 4.0920 E+13/sec. The predicted petroleum formation temperature of onset (TR 10%) temperatures ranges from 110 to 135 °C, and peak generation temperatures (geological Tmax) between 137 °C and 152 °C. The peak generation temperatures reach a transformation ratio in the range of 42–50% TR, thus the Chia Gara source rock could have generated and expelled significant quantities of petroleum hydrocarbons in the Kurdistan of Iraq. |
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| Keywords: | Chia Gara source rock Pyrolysis Bulk kinetics Petroleum characteristics Kurdistan region Northern Iraq |
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