Lattice Boltzmann simulation of turbulence-induced flocculation of cohesive sediment

Both the floc formation and floc breakup of cohesive sediment are affected by turbulent shear which is recognized as one of the most important parameters, and thus, on the settling and transport of cohesive sediment. In this study, the development of floc characteristics at early stage and steady-state of flocculation were investigated via a three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann numerical model for turbulence-induced flocculation. Simulations for collision and aggregation of various size particles, floc growth, and breakup in isotropic and homogenous turbulent flows with different shear stresses were conducted. Model results for the temporal evolution of floc size distribution show that the normalized floc size distributions is time-independent during early stage of flocculation, and at steady-state, shear rate has no effect on the shape of normalized floc size distribution. Furthermore, the size, settling velocity, and effective density of flocs at the non-equilibrium flocculation stage do not change significantly for shear stresses in the range 0–0.4 N m^?2. The relationships between floc size and settling velocity established during floc growth stages and that during steady-states are different.