Disruption rates for one vulnerable soil in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument,Arizona, USA |
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| Institution: | 1. U.S. Geological Survey, 520 N. Park Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA;2. U.S. Geological Survey, 160 N. Stephanie Street, Henderson, NV 89074, USA;3. National Park Service, 12795 West Alameda Parkway, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA;1. Department of Operative/Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pedodontics, Dental School, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany;2. Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany;1. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850, USA;2. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 800 Buchanan Street West Annex, Albany, CA 94710, USA;3. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;4. Oregon Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;5. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850, USA;1. Chair for Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany;2. Bioprotection Research Centre, PO Box 85084, Lincoln University, 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand;1. UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland;2. Norwich Medical School and Centre for Diet and Activity Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK;3. School of Biological Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK;4. Land, Environment, Economics and Policy Institute (LEEP), Department of Economics, University of Exeter Business School (UEBS), Xfi Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4PU, United Kingdom;5. School of Economics and Centre for Behavioural and Experimental Social Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK;6. School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK;7. Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK |
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| Abstract: | Rates of soil disruption from hikers and vehicle traffic are poorly known, particularly for arid landscapes. We conducted an experiment in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (ORPI) in western Arizona, USA, on an air-dry very fine sandy loam that is considered to be vulnerable to disruption. We created variable-pass tracks using hikers, an all-terrain vehicle (ATV), and a four-wheel drive vehicle (4WD) and measured changes in cross-track topography, penetration depth, and bulk density. Hikers (one pass = 5 hikers) increased bulk density and altered penetration depth but caused minimal surface disruption up to 100 passes; a minimum of 10 passes were required to overcome surface strength of this dry soil. Both ATV and 4WD traffic significantly disrupted the soil with one pass, creating deep ruts with increasing passes that rendered the 4WD trail impassable after 20 passes. Despite considerable soil loosening (dilation), bulk density increased in the vehicle trails, and lateral displacement created berms of loosened soil. This soil type, when dry, can sustain up to 10 passes of hikers but only one vehicle pass before significant soil disruption occurs; greater disruption is expected when soils are wet. Bulk density increased logarithmically with applied pressure from hikers, ATV, and 4WD. |
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| Keywords: | Hiker impacts Land management Off-road vehicles Soil bulk density Soil compaction |
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