A model for tectonic activity in West Africa and the Gulf of Guinea during the last 90 m. y. based on membrane tectonics |
| |
Authors: | Dr S J Freeth |
| |
Institution: | (1) Present address: Department of Geology, University College of Swansea, SA2 8PP Swansea, UK |
| |
Abstract: | Tectonic activity in West Africa and the Gulf of Guinea during the last 90 m. y. can be closely related to the palaeocontinental position of Africa. Prior to 90 m. y., during the break up of Gondwanaland and the spreading of the West African rifts, the palaeocontinental position of Africa hardly changed at all. During the last 90 m. y. Africa has moved steadily northwards and rotated slightly in an anticlockwise direction. From 90 m. y. to 40 m. y. tectonic activity in West Africa and the Gulf of Guinea was compressional and from 40 m. y. to present day tectonic activity has been extensional. The change, in West Africa, from peripheral compression of the continental part of the African plate to peripheral extension occurred at approximately the same time as the effective mechanical centre of Africa (localted near Jebel Marra) crossed the equator.Membrane stresses are generated by rigid plates moving on a non-spherical earth. When a plate moves towards the equator it is subjected to peripheral compression and when it moves away it is subjected to peripheral extension. Thus the concept of membrane tectonics provides a possible explanation for the tectonic activity observed in West Africa and the Gulf of Guinea during the last 90 m. y.
Zusammenfassung Die tektonischen Ereignisse in Westafrika und dem Golf von Guinea können währendder letzten 90 Millionen Jahre mit der paläokontinentalen Position von Afrika in Zusammenhang gebracht werden. Vor diesen 90 Millionen Jahren, während des Zerreißens von Gondwanaland und der Dehnung des westafrikanischen Grabenbruchs, veränderte sich die paläokontinentale Position von Afrika kaum. Während der vergangenen 90 Millionen Jahre hat sich Afrika stetig nach Norden bewegt und drehte sich leicht entgegen dem Uhrzeigersinn. Zwischen 90 Millionen Jahren und 40 Millionen Jahren wurde Westafrika und der Golf von Guinea tektonisch eingeengt und von 40 Millionen Jahren bis heute herrscht Dehnung. In Westafrika fand der Wechsel von peripherer Pressung des kontinentalen Teiles der Afrikanischen Platte zu peripherer Dehnung etwa zur selben Zeit statt als der mechanische Mittelpunkt von Afrika (in der Nähe von Jebel Marra) den Äuator überquerte.Membrandruck (Turcotte, 1974) wird durch die Bewegung von festen Platten auf einer nicht ganz sphärischen Erde ausgelöst. Wenn sich eine Platte auf den Äquator zubewegt, wird ein peripherer Druck auf sie ausgeübt, und wenn sie sich vom Äquator wegbewegt, wird sie von einer peripheren Dehnung betroffen. Das Konzept der membrane tectonics (Turcotte, 1974) bietet daher eine mögliche Erklärung für die tektonischen Erscheinungen in Westafrika und dem Golf von Guinea während der vergangenen 90 Millionen Jahre.
Résumé Les événements tectoniques en Afrique occidentale et dans le Golfe de Guinée au cours de ces 90 derniers m. a. peuvent être mis en relation étroite avec la position paléocontinentale de l'Afrique. Avant cette période, pendant la fragmentation du Gondwana et pendant l'ouverture du fossé africain occidental, la position de l'Afrique n'a guère changé. Pendant les derniers 90 m. a., l'Afrique s'est continuellement avancée vers le nord avec une légère rotation sinistrogyre. Entre 90 m. a. et 40 m. a., un état de compression tectonique a existé en Afrique occidentale et dans le Golfe de Guinée, et, depuis ce moment jusqu'à présent, règne un état de distension. Le changement, dans la partie continentale de la plaque africaine, d'une compression périphérique en une distension périphérique s'est produit sensiblement au moment du passage à l'équateur du centre mécanique effectif de l'Afrique (lequel se trouve à proximité du Jebel Marra).Des contraintes de membrane (Turcotte, 1974) se produisent par suite du mouvement de plaques rigides sur une Terre qui n'est pas exactement sphérique. Lorsqu'une plaque se rapproche de l'équateur, elle subit une compression périphérique, et, lorsqu'elle s'en éloigne, une distension périphérique. Donc le concept de «membrane tectonics» (Turcotte, 1974) fournit une explication plausible de l'activité tectonique en Afrique occidentale et dans le Golfe de Guinée au cours de ces 90 derniers m. a.
![Kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1050.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![zhcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1078.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![Tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1058.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ycy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1099.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![Zcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1047.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![Acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1040.gif) ![fcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1092.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![jcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1081.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1075.gif) ![zcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) 90 ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![yacy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1103.gif) ![zcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ycy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1099.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1102.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![softcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1100.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zhcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1078.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![Acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1040.gif) ![fcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1092.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) . ![Dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1044.gif) ![ecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1101.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1075.gif) , ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![Gcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1043.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![shcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1096.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) -![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![fcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1092.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1079.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) , ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![shchcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1097.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1075.gif) ![gcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![bcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1073.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) , ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zhcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1078.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![Acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1040.gif) ![fcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1092.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1079.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![yacy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1103.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) . ![Zcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1047.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![chcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) 90 ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![Acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1040.gif) ![fcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1092.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1079.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) , ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ucy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1091.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1101.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) . ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zhcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1078.gif) ![ucy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1091.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zhcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1078.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) 90 40 ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![zcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![Acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1040.gif) ![fcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1092.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Gcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1043.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![jcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1081.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![gcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1075.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ucy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1091.gif) ![zhcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1078.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) , ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) 40 ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1075.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![yacy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1103.gif) ![shcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1096.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![yucy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1102.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![yacy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1103.gif) ![zhcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1078.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) . ![zcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![Acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1040.gif) ![fcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1092.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![khcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1093.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![fcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1092.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1075.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![fcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1092.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![fcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1092.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![yacy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1103.gif) ![zhcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1078.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![zhcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1078.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) , ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1075.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![khcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1093.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tscy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1094.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![Acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1040.gif) ![fcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1092.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) , ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zhcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1078.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![shchcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1097.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![bcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1073.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) Jebel Marra ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1101.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) .![Dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1044.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zhcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1078.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1075.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![bcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1073.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![fcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1092.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) — ![Zcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1047.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1099.gif) ![zcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1079.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![bcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) (Turcotte, 1974). ![Pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1055.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![gcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1075.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ycy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1099.gif) ![bcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1073.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1101.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) , ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ycy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1099.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ycy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![fcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1092.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ; ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![jcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1081.gif) ![shcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1096.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1101.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) — ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![fcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1092.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![yacy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1103.gif) ![zhcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1078.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) . ![Tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1058.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) « ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![bcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1073.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) » (Turcotte, 1974) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1079.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![shcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1096.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![jcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1081.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ucy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1091.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1073.gif) ![hardcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1098.gif) ![yacy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1103.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![yacy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1103.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![yacy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1103.gif) , ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![shcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1096.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1090.gif) ![zcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![Acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1040.gif) ![fcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1092.gif) ![rcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![Gcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1043.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![jcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1081.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1074.gif) ![pcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1080.gif) 90 ![lcy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/k5065v32rr175843/xxlarge1077.gif) .
|
| |
Keywords: | |
本文献已被 SpringerLink 等数据库收录! |
|