Lithification analysis — Experimental observations |
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Authors: | Drs John C Deelman |
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Institution: | (1) Present address: Laboratorium für Sedimentforschung, Berliner Straße 19, 6900 Heidelberg |
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Abstract: | Thin sections prepared from laboratory compacted dry sediment mixtures are compared with selected thin sections from natural sedimentary rocks. Compression of a quantity of calcium carbonate bioclasts at a pressure of 1,000 kg/cm2 gives rise to plastic deformation of grain contacts, penetration contacts, and the reduction of porosity and permeability. Compressing a mixture of carbonate fragments and quartz grains at a pressure of 1,000 kg/cm2 causes the quartz grains to penetrate the softer carbonate bioclasts. Compression of a dry, well-rounded quartz sand at a confining pressure of 3,000 kg/cm2 leads to the crushing of the majority of the grains. An artificial sediment consisting of a mixture of quartz spheres and gem fragments demonstrates upon compaction by a pressure of 3,000 kg/cm2 the capacity of the harder gem minerals to penetrate quartz grains by way of plastic deformation of the grain contacts. Differences in hardness between dolomite and calcite/aragonite fragments are responsible for the creation of lithification textures of the dolomite crystals penetrating the softer carbonate grains.
Zusammenfassung Dünnschliffe von Sedimentmischungen, die einer Trockenkompaktion unterzogen wurden, werden mit ausgewählten Dünnschliffen natürlicher Sedimentgesteine verglichen. Kompression von Kalziumkarbonatbioklasten mit einem Druck von 1000 kg/cm2 bewirkt die plastische Deformierung der Kornkontakte, Entstehung von Eindruckkontakten und beträchtliche Reduktion der Porosität und Permeabilität. Bei Kompression einer Mischung von Karbonatfragmenten und Quarzkörnern mit einem Druck von 1000 kg/cm2 dringen die Quarzkörner in die weicheren Karbonatbioklaste ein. Kompaktion eines trockenen, gut gerundeten Quarzsandes mit einem Druck von 3000 kg/cm2 bewirkt das Zerbrechen des größten Teiles dieser Quarzkörner. Ein künstliches Sediment aus einer Mischung von Quarzkörnern und Edelsteinfragmenten zeigt, daß bei Kompaktion mit einem Druck von 3000 kg/cm2 die härteren Edelsteinmineralien in die Quarzkörner eindringen. Unterschiede in der Mineralhärte zwischen Dolomit und Kalzit- und Aragonit-Fragmenten sind verantwortlich für das Auftreten von Lithifikationstexturen von Dolomitkristallen in den weicheren Karbonatkörnern.
Résumé Des lames minces préparées à partir de mélanges artificiels de sédiments compactés à l'état sec, forment la base d'une comparaison avec des lames minces tirées des roches sédimentaires naturelles sélectionnées. La compression exercée par des biofragments composés d'aragonite, d'une valeur de 1000 kg/cm2, imprime une déformation plastique des contacts intergranulaires, la formation de contacts par impressionement, et une réduction de la porosité et de la perméabilité. La compression d'un mélange de bio-fragments carbonatés avec une quantité de grains de quartz, sous une pression de 1000 kg/cm2 donne aux grains de quartz la capacité de pénétrer les grains carbonatés moins dûrs. La compression d'un sable composé des grains bien-arrondis, complètement sec, à 3000 kg/cm2 a comme résultat l'éclatement de la plupart des grains. Un mélange sédimentaire artificiel de grains de quartz et de fragments de pierres précieuses montre, après la compression sous 3000 kg/cm2, la capacité des pierres précieuses (minéraux avec une dureté spécifique plus grande que celle du quartz) de pénétrer les grains de quartz grâce à la déformation plastique des contacts intergranulaires. Les différences dans la durété spécifique de la dolomite et de la calcite/aragonite sont-responsables de la création des textures de lithification, où des cristaux de dolomite pénétrent les grains carbonatés moins durs.
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