论国家公园的公益性、国家主导性和科学性

国家公园作为一种严格保护并合理利用自然文化资源的可持续发展理念和举措而在全球得到普遍认可和蓬勃发展。国际上的国家公园因为国情不同而有多种体制模式,但是国家公园的根本特性是共同一致、必须维护的。公益性、国家主导性和科学性这三大特性是国家公园的根本特性,其中公益性是国家公园设立的根本目的,它包括了为公众利益而设、对公众低廉收费、使公众受到教育、让公众积极参与等方面,而国家主导性和科学性则是践行公益性的两大保障,前者要求国家确立、国家管理、国家立法、国家维护和爱国主义教育,后者则要求建立科学的国家公园体系、科学的规划、科学的分区和科学的经营利用等。中国国家公园的建立,面临着国情特殊、现行保护地多头管理、保护利用压力大等问题,应该利用风景名胜区等保护地开展试点,制定统一的中国国家公园标准,采用准入制度,并逐步探索统一的管理体系和法规体系,最终建立统筹管理的、中国特色的国家公园制度。

Discussions on Public Welfare,State Dominance and Scientificity of National Park

National Park is widely recognized and booming in the world as both an idea and a measure of sustainable development, which needs strict protection and rational use of natural and cultural resources. According to the different conditions of countries there, are various institutional models of international National Parks. Despite of this, the fundamental properties of National Parks are public consensus and need to be maintained. The investigation of this artide demonstrates that public welfare,state dominance,and scientificity are three fundamental characteristics of National Park. More specifically, the characteristic public welfare is the primary purpose of the establishment of national park, which involves the establishment based on public interests, low charges for citizens, public education for citizens, active participation of citizens, etc. Additionally, state dominance and scientificity are two guarantees of the implication of public welfare. The former requires national confirmation, national management, national legislation, national maintenance and national consciousness while the latter demands the creation of scientific national park system, scientific national park planning and subarea as well as scientific management and utilization and so forth. The establishment of China National Park is facing some problems, such as special country circumstances, existing protected areas with bull management, protection and utilization pressure and so on. Scenic areas and other protected areas should be taken advantage of as pilot projects. A unified standard of China National Park should be formulated by adopting access system. At the same time, it is necessary to gradually explore a unified management system and the legal system. Eventually, the national park system with overall management and Chinese characteristics should be founded.