旅游影响下的地方音乐及其对地方的建构——以丽江古城为例

在旅游业发展影响下,丽江古城传统纳西古乐的主体地位迅速地被现代民谣音乐所取代。音乐是地方文化的重要组成部分,地方音乐的变化折射出地方文化的整体变迁。本文利用观察法、文本分析法对丽江古城的地方音乐形式、表达内容及展演场所进行调查,采用访谈法对音乐表演者、经营者与游客进行了深入的采访。研究发现：在旅游影响下,原本作为本地居民精神伴侣、融入在地方社会生活中的传统古乐转变为服务于游客的各类商业演艺活动,在场所和游客认同方面表现出“不得其所”的特征;而以现代民谣音乐为代表的流行音乐成为丽江古城的主流音乐形式,在丽江古城中“安适其位”。传统古乐建构了丽江古城的独特感,激发了游客的异乡感,现代民谣音乐更加渲染了丽江古城的“小资情调”,两种音乐均在游客的情感建构中起到了重要作用。研究旨在丰富旅游地文化变迁的研究视角,反思旅游与地方传统文化的关系,亦是对音乐与地方人地关系研究成果的有益拓展与补充。

Influence of tourism on local music and its construction to the place: A case study on the Lijiang ancient town

Music is an important part of local culture and in Lijiang ancient town more people feel that the originally dominant role of Naxi traditional music is being replaced by modern folk music due to increasing tourism. This change, in the music scene, gives us a deeper understanding of the local cultural transition under the influence of tourism. To examine how local music changes, we investigated the performing practices and places of local music in Lijiang ancient town through participant observation. We conducted semantic analysis of musical lyrics to grasp the content and emotions of the songs. We also conducted interviews with musical performers, shopkeepers, and tourists in Lijiang ancient town. The findings of the study indicate that tourism influences traditional music that used to be the soul of local residents integrated into local social life, and has turned it into a variety of commercial performances for tourists. However, the transformation of these music has not received deserved recognition from tourists. It is "out of place" in the flourish of tourism. Modern folk music has become the mainstream iconic music form in Lijiang ancient town. It is "in place" from the atmosphere of "petty bourgeoisie". However, the traditional music constructs the uniqueness of the ancient town, which motivates tourists with idiosyncratic sense and makes tourists feel the place other than their hometown. Modern folk music exaggerates the "petty bourgeoisie" culture. Both music forms play an important role in the emotional construction of tourists. We hope our findings can enrich the research perspective of cultural change in tourism destination, respond to the relationship between tourism and local traditional culture, and provide some useful ideas on the relationship between music and place in china.